<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37344081</id><updated>2011-04-21T18:57:11.366-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Jack's thoughts</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jacks-thoughts.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37344081/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jacks-thoughts.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Jack</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08056440443347299770</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>4</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37344081.post-3829303636508637255</id><published>2006-11-09T02:01:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-11-09T02:05:54.023-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Franz Grillparzer: Die Argonauten</title><content type='html'>&lt;pre&gt;The Project Gutenberg EBook of Die Argonauten, by Franz Grillparzer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the&lt;br /&gt;copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing&lt;br /&gt;this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project&lt;br /&gt;Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the&lt;br /&gt;header without written permission.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the&lt;br /&gt;eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is&lt;br /&gt;important information about your specific rights and restrictions in&lt;br /&gt;how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a&lt;br /&gt;donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Title: Die Argonauten&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Author: Franz Grillparzer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Release Date: April, 2005 [EBook #7943]&lt;br /&gt;[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]&lt;br /&gt;[This file was first posted on June 3, 2003]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Edition: 10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Language: German&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Character set encoding: iso-8859-1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIE ARGONAUTEN ***&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Produced by Delphine Lettau and Mike Pullen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This Etext is in German.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We are releasing two versions of this Etext, one in 7-bit format,&lt;br /&gt;known as Plain Vanilla ASCII, which can be sent via plain email--&lt;br /&gt;and one in 8-bit format, which includes higher order characters--&lt;br /&gt;which requires a binary transfer, or sent as email attachment and&lt;br /&gt;may require more specialized programs to display the accents.&lt;br /&gt;This is the 8-bit version.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This book content was graciously contributed by the Gutenberg Projekt-DE.&lt;br /&gt;That project is reachable at the web site http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dieses Buch wurde uns freundlicherweise vom "Gutenberg Projekt-DE"&lt;br /&gt;zur Verfügung gestellt.  Das Projekt ist unter der Internet-Adresse&lt;br /&gt;http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/ erreichbar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Argonauten&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Franz Grillparzer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trauerspiel in vier Aufzügen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Personen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes, König von Kolchis&lt;br /&gt;Medea und Absyrtus, seine Kinder&lt;br /&gt;Gora, Medeens Amme&lt;br /&gt;Peritta, eine ihrer Gespielen&lt;br /&gt;Jason&lt;br /&gt;Milo, sein Freund&lt;br /&gt;Medeens Jungfrauen&lt;br /&gt;Argonauten&lt;br /&gt;Kolcher&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erster Aufzug&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Kolchis.--Wilde Gegend mit Felsen und Bäumen.  Im Hintergrunde ein&lt;br /&gt;halbverfallener Turm, aus dessen obersten Stockwerke ein schwaches&lt;br /&gt;Licht flimmert.  Weiter zurück die Aussicht aufs Meer.  Finstere&lt;br /&gt;Nacht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (hinter der Szene).&lt;br /&gt;Dorther schimmert das Licht!--Komm hierher Vater!--&lt;br /&gt;Ich bahne dir den Weg!--Noch diesen Stein!--&lt;br /&gt;So!--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auftretend und mit dem Schwert nach allen Seiten ins Gebüsch&lt;br /&gt;hauend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aus dem Wege unnützes Pack!&lt;br /&gt;Vater, mein Schwert macht klare Bahn!&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (tritt auf, den Helm auf dem Kopfe, ganz in einen dunkeln&lt;br /&gt;Mantel gehüllt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Wir sind an Ort und Stelle, Vater.&lt;br /&gt;Dort der Turm, wo die Schwester haust.&lt;br /&gt;Siehst das Licht aus ihrer Zelle?&lt;br /&gt;Da weilt sie und sinnt Zaubersprüche&lt;br /&gt;Und braut Tränke den langen Tag,&lt;br /&gt;Des Nachts aber geht sie gespenstisch hervor&lt;br /&gt;Und wandelt umher und klagt und weint.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Aietes macht eine unwillige Bewegung.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Ja Vater und weint, so erzählt der Hirt&lt;br /&gt;Vom Tal da unten, und ringt die Hände&lt;br /&gt;Daß es, spricht er, kläglich sei anzusehn!&lt;br /&gt;Was mag sie wohl treiben und sinnen, Vater?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Aietes geht gedankenvoll auf und nieder.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Du antwortest nicht?--Was hast du Vater?&lt;br /&gt;Trüb und düster ist dein Gemüt.&lt;br /&gt;Du hast doch nicht Furcht vor den Fremden, Vater?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Furcht Bube?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Nu, (Sorge) denn, Vater!&lt;br /&gt;Aber habe nicht Furcht noch Sorge!&lt;br /&gt;Sind uns nicht Waffen und Kraft und Arme?&lt;br /&gt;Ist nicht ein Häuflein nur der Fremden?&lt;br /&gt;Wären ihrer doch zehnmal mehr!&lt;br /&gt;Laß sie nur kommen, wir wollen sie jagen&lt;br /&gt;Eilends heim in ihr dunkles Land&lt;br /&gt;Wo keine Wälder sind und keine Berge,&lt;br /&gt;Wo kein Mond strahlt, keine (Sonne) leuchtet&lt;br /&gt;Die täglich, hat sie sich müde gewandelt,&lt;br /&gt;Zur Ruhe geht in unserem Meer.&lt;br /&gt;Laß sie nur kommen, ich will sie empfangen,&lt;br /&gt;Du hast nicht umsonst mich wehrhaft gemacht,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht umsonst mir gegeben dies blitzende Schwert,&lt;br /&gt;Und den Speer und den Helm mit dem wogenden Busch,&lt;br /&gt;Waffen  d u , und Mut die (Götter)!&lt;br /&gt;Laß die Schwester mit ihren Künsten,&lt;br /&gt;Schwert gegen Schwert, so binden wir an!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Armer Wurm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Ich bin dein Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;Damals als du den Phryxus schlugst--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Schweig!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Das ist ja eben warum sie kommen&lt;br /&gt;Her nach Kolchis, die fremden Männer&lt;br /&gt;Zu rächen, wähnen sie, seinen Tod&lt;br /&gt;Und zu stehlen unser Gut, das strahlende Vließ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Schweig Bube!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Was bangst du Vater?&lt;br /&gt;Fest verwahrt in der Höhle Hut&lt;br /&gt;Liegt es das köstliche, goldene Gut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(den Mantel vom Gesicht reißend und ans Schwert greifend).&lt;br /&gt;Soll ich dich töten, schwatzender Tor?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Was ist dir?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Schweig!--Dort sieh zum Busch!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Warum?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mir deucht es raschelt dort&lt;br /&gt;Und regt sich.--Man behorcht uns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(zum Gebüsch hingehend und an die Bäume schlagend).&lt;br /&gt;He da!--Steht Rede!--Es regt sich Niemand!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Aietes wirft sich auf ein Felsenstück im Vorgrunde.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (zurückkommend).&lt;br /&gt;Es ist nichts, Vater!  Niemand lauscht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(aufspringend und ihn hart anfassend).&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir, wenn du dein Leben liebst&lt;br /&gt;Sprich nicht davon!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Wovon?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir, begrab's in deiner Brust&lt;br /&gt;Es ist kein Knabenspielzeug, Knab'!  Doch alles still hier!&lt;br /&gt;Niemand empfängt mich;&lt;br /&gt;Recht wie es ziemt der Widerspenst'gen Sitz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Hoch oben am Turme flackert ein Licht.&lt;br /&gt;Dort sitzt sie wohl und sinnt und tichtet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ruf ihr!  Sie soll heraus!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Gut Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht dem Turme zu).&lt;br /&gt;Komm herab du Wandlerin der Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Du Spät-Wachende bei der einsamen Lampe!&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus ruft, deines Vaters Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Pause.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sie kommt nicht, Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Sie soll!  Ruf lauter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(ans Tor schlagend).&lt;br /&gt;Holla ho!  Hier der König!  Heraus ihr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medeas Stimme (im Turm).&lt;br /&gt;Weh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Was?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (zurückkommend).&lt;br /&gt;Hast du gehört?&lt;br /&gt;Weh rief's im Turm!  War's die Schwester die rief?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wer sonst!  Geh, deine Torheit steckt an.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will rufen und sie soll gehorchen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zum Turme gehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (im Turm).&lt;br /&gt;Wer ruft?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Dein Vater ruft und dein König!&lt;br /&gt;Komm herab!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was soll ich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Komm herab, sag' ich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;O laß mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Zögre nicht!  Du reizest meinen Zorn!&lt;br /&gt;Im Augenblicke komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich komme!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Aietes verhüllt sich und wirft sich wieder auf den Felsensitz.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Wie kläglich, Vater, ist der Schwester Stimme.&lt;br /&gt;Was mag ihr fehlen?  Sie dauert mich!--&lt;br /&gt;Dich wohl auch, weil du so schmerzlich schweigst,&lt;br /&gt;Das arme Mädchen!--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ihn anfassend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Schläfst du, Vater?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (aufspringend).&lt;br /&gt;Törichte Kinder sind der Väter Fluch!&lt;br /&gt;Du und sie,  i h r  tötet mich,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht meine Feinde!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Still!  Horch!--Der Riegel klirrt!--Sie kommt!--Hier ist sie!&lt;br /&gt;Medea (in dunkelroter Kleidung, am Saume mit goldenen Zeichen&lt;br /&gt;gestickt, einen schwarzen, nachschleppenden Schleier der an einem,&lt;br /&gt;gleichfalls mit Zeichen gestickten Stirnbande befestigt ist, auf&lt;br /&gt;dem Kopfe, tritt, eine Fackel in der Hand, aus dem Turme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was willst du, Herr?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Ist das die Schwester, Vater?&lt;br /&gt;Wie anders doch als sonst, und ach, wie bleich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (zu Absyrtus).&lt;br /&gt;Schweig jetzt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tritt näher!--näher!--&lt;br /&gt;Doch erst Lösch' deine Fackel, sie blendet mir das Aug!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(die Fackel am Boden ausdrückend).&lt;br /&gt;Das Licht ist verlöscht, es ist Nacht, o Herr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Jetzt komm!--Doch erst sag' an wer dir erlaubt,&lt;br /&gt;Zu fliehn, des väterlichen Hauses Hut&lt;br /&gt;Und hier, in der Gesellschaft nur der Wildnis&lt;br /&gt;Und deines wilden Sinns, Gehorsam weigernd,&lt;br /&gt;Zu trotzen meinem Worte, meinem Wink?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du fragst?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich frage!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Reden soll ich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Sprich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;So höre wenn du kannst und zürne wenn du darfst.&lt;br /&gt;O könnt' ich schweigen, ewig schweigen!&lt;br /&gt;Verhaßt ist mir dein Haus&lt;br /&gt;Mit Schauder erfüllt mich deine Nähe.&lt;br /&gt;Als du den Fremden erschlugst,&lt;br /&gt;Den Götterbeschützten, den Gastfreund&lt;br /&gt;Und raubtest sein Gut,&lt;br /&gt;Da trugst du einen Funken in dein Haus,&lt;br /&gt;Der glimmt und glimmt und nicht verlöschen wird,&lt;br /&gt;Gössest du auch darüber aus&lt;br /&gt;Was an Wasser die heil'ge Quelle hat,&lt;br /&gt;Der Ströme und Flüsse unnennbare Zahl&lt;br /&gt;Und das ohne Grenzen gewaltige Meer.&lt;br /&gt;Ein törichter Schütze ist der Mord,&lt;br /&gt;Schießt seinen Pfeil ab ins dunkle Dickicht,&lt;br /&gt;Gewinnsüchtig, beutegierig,&lt;br /&gt;Und was er für ein Wild gehalten,&lt;br /&gt;Für frohen Jagdgewinn,&lt;br /&gt;Es war sein Kind, sein eigen Blut,&lt;br /&gt;Was in den Blättern rauschte, Beeren suchend.&lt;br /&gt;Unglücksel'ger was hast du getan?&lt;br /&gt;Feuer geht aus von dir&lt;br /&gt;Und ergreift die Stützen deines Hauses&lt;br /&gt;Das krachend einbricht&lt;br /&gt;Und uns begräbt.--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Unglücksbotin was weißt du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;In der Schreckensstunde&lt;br /&gt;Als sie geschehn war die Tat,&lt;br /&gt;Da ward mein Aug geöffnet&lt;br /&gt;Und ich sah sie, sah die Unnennbaren&lt;br /&gt;Geister der Rache.&lt;br /&gt;Spinnenähnlich,&lt;br /&gt;Gräßlich, scheußlich,&lt;br /&gt;Krochen sie her in abscheulicher Unform&lt;br /&gt;Und zogen Fäden, blinkende Fäden,&lt;br /&gt;Einfach, doppelt, tausendfach,&lt;br /&gt;Rings um ihr verfallen Gebiet.&lt;br /&gt;Du wähnst dich frei und du bist gefangen,&lt;br /&gt;Kein Mensch, kein Gott löset die Bande&lt;br /&gt;Mit denen die Untat sich selber umstrickt.&lt;br /&gt;Weh dir, weh uns allen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Verkaufst du mir Träume für Wirklichkeit?&lt;br /&gt;Deines Gleichen magst du erschrecken,&lt;br /&gt;Törin!  Nicht mich!&lt;br /&gt;Hast du die Zeichen, die Sterne gefragt?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Glaubst du ich könnt's, ich vermöcht' es?&lt;br /&gt;Hundertmal hab' ich aufgeblickt&lt;br /&gt;Zu den glänzenden Zeichen&lt;br /&gt;Am Firmament der Nacht.&lt;br /&gt;Und alle hundertmale&lt;br /&gt;Sanken meine Blicke&lt;br /&gt;Von Schreck getroffen, unbelehrt.&lt;br /&gt;Es schien der Himmel mir ein aufgerolltes Buch&lt;br /&gt;Und (Mord) darauf geschrieben, tausendfach,&lt;br /&gt;Und (Rache) mit demantnen Lettern&lt;br /&gt;Auf seinen schwarzen Grund.&lt;br /&gt;O frage nicht die Sterne dort am Himmel,&lt;br /&gt;Die Zeichen nicht der schweigenden Natur,&lt;br /&gt;Des Gottes Stimme nicht im Tempel:&lt;br /&gt;Betracht' im Bach die irren Wandelsterne,&lt;br /&gt;Die scheu dir blinken aus den düstern Brau'n&lt;br /&gt;Die Zeichen die die Tat dir selber aufgedrückt,&lt;br /&gt;Des Gottes Stimme in dem eignen Busen,&lt;br /&gt;Sie werden dir Orakel geben,&lt;br /&gt;Viel sicherer als meine arme Kunst,&lt;br /&gt;Aus dem was ist und war, auf das was werden wird.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Der Vater schweigt.  Du bist so seltsam Schwester&lt;br /&gt;Sonst warst du rasch und heiter, frohen Muts;&lt;br /&gt;Mich dünkt du bist dreifach gealtert&lt;br /&gt;In der Zeit als ich dich nicht gesehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Es hat der Gram sein Alter, wie die Jahre&lt;br /&gt;Und wer der Zeit (vorauseilt), guter Bruder,&lt;br /&gt;Kommt früh ans Ziel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Du weißt wohl also schon&lt;br /&gt;Von jenen Fremden die--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Von Fremden--?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Halt!&lt;br /&gt;Ich gebot dir zu schweigen!  Schweig denn, Schwätzer!&lt;br /&gt;Medea, laß uns klug sprechen und besonnen,&lt;br /&gt;Das Gegenwärt'ge aus der Gegenwart&lt;br /&gt;Und nicht aus dem betrachten was Vergangen.&lt;br /&gt;Wiss' es denn.  Fremde sind angekommen, Hellenen,&lt;br /&gt;Sie begehren zu rächen Phryxus' Blut,&lt;br /&gt;Verlangen die Schätze des Erschlagnen&lt;br /&gt;Und des Gottes Banner, das goldene Vließ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(aufschreiend).&lt;br /&gt;Es ist geschehn!  Der Streich gefallen!  Weh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Will in den Turm zurück.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (sie zurückhaltend).&lt;br /&gt;Medea, Halt!--Bleib, Unsinnige!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Gekommen die Rächer, die Vergelter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Willst du mich verlassen, da ich dein bedarf?&lt;br /&gt;Willst du sehen des Vaters Blut?&lt;br /&gt;Medea ich beschwöre dich&lt;br /&gt;Sprich!  Rate!  Rette!  Hilf!&lt;br /&gt;Gib mich nicht Preis meinen Feinden!&lt;br /&gt;Argonauten nennen sie sich&lt;br /&gt;Weil Argo sie trägt, das schnelle Schiff.&lt;br /&gt;Was das Hellenenland an Helden nährt,&lt;br /&gt;An Tapfern vermag, sie haben's versammelt&lt;br /&gt;Zum Todesstreich auf deines Vaters Haupt.&lt;br /&gt;Hilf Medea!  Hilf meine Tochter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;I ch  soll helfen, hilf du selbst!&lt;br /&gt;Gib heraus was du nahmst, Versöhnung bietend!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Verteilt sind die Schätze den Helfern der Tat;&lt;br /&gt;Werden sie wiedergeben das Empfangne?&lt;br /&gt;Besitzen sie's noch?  die törichten Schwelger,&lt;br /&gt;Die leicht vertan das leicht erworbne.&lt;br /&gt;Soll ich herausgeben das glänzende Vließ,&lt;br /&gt;Des Gottes Banner, Perontos Gut?&lt;br /&gt;Nimmermehr!  Nimmermehr!  Und tät' ich's&lt;br /&gt;Würden sie drum schonen mein und eurer?&lt;br /&gt;Um desto sichrer würgten sie uns,&lt;br /&gt;Rächend des Freundes Tod,&lt;br /&gt;Geschützt durch das heilige Pfand des Gottes.&lt;br /&gt;Deine Kunst befrage, gib andern Rat!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Rat dir geben, ich selber ratlos!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Nun wohl, so verharre, du Ungeratne!&lt;br /&gt;Opfre dem Tod deines Vaters Haupt.&lt;br /&gt;Komm mein Sohn, wir wollen hinaus,&lt;br /&gt;Den Streichen bieten das nackte Haupt,&lt;br /&gt;Und fallen unter der Fremden Schwertern.&lt;br /&gt;Komm mein Sohn, mein einzig Kind!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Halt Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du willst also?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Hör' erst!&lt;br /&gt;Ich will's versuchen, die Götter zu fragen,&lt;br /&gt;Was sie gebieten was sie gestatten.&lt;br /&gt;Und nicken sie zu, so steh' ich dir bei,&lt;br /&gt;Helfe dir bekämpfen den Feind,&lt;br /&gt;Helfe dir schmieden den Todespfeil&lt;br /&gt;Den du abdrücken willst ins dunkle Gebüsch,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht wissend, armer Schütze, wen du triffst.&lt;br /&gt;Es sei!  Du gebeutst, ich gehorche!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea, mein Kind, mein liebes Kind!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Frohlocke nicht zu früh, noch fehlt das Ende.&lt;br /&gt;Ich bin bereit; allein versprich mir erst,&lt;br /&gt;Daß, wenn die Tat gelang, dein Land befreit,&lt;br /&gt;Zu hoffen wag' ich's kaum, allein wenn doch,--&lt;br /&gt;Du mich zurückziehn läßt, in diese Wildnis&lt;br /&gt;Und nimmer mehr mich störst, nicht du, nicht andre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Warum?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Versprich's!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Es sei!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Wohlan denn Herr,&lt;br /&gt;Tritt ein bei deiner Magd, ich folge dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ins Haus?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Drin wird's vollbracht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (zu Absyrtus).&lt;br /&gt;So komm denn Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Beide ab in den Turm.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Da gehn sie hin, hin die Verblendeten!--&lt;br /&gt;Ein töricht Wesen dünkt mich der Mensch;&lt;br /&gt;Treibt dahin auf den Wogen der Zeit&lt;br /&gt;Endlos geschleudert auf und nieder,&lt;br /&gt;Und wie er ein Fleckchen Grün erspäht&lt;br /&gt;Gebildet von Schlamm und stockendem Moor&lt;br /&gt;Und der Verwesung grünlichem Moder,&lt;br /&gt;Ruft er: (Land)!  und rudert drauf hin&lt;br /&gt;Und besteigt's--und sinkt--und sinkt--&lt;br /&gt;Und wird nicht mehr gesehn!&lt;br /&gt;Armer Vater, armer Mann!&lt;br /&gt;Es steigen auf vor meinen Blicken&lt;br /&gt;Düstrer Ahnungen Schauergestalten,&lt;br /&gt;Aber verhüllt und abgewandt&lt;br /&gt;Ich kann nicht erkennen ihr Antlitz!&lt;br /&gt;Zeigt euch mir (ganz), oder verschwindet&lt;br /&gt;Und laßt mir Ruh, träumende Ruh!&lt;br /&gt;Armer Vater!  Armer Mann!--&lt;br /&gt;Aber der Wille kann viel--und ich will.&lt;br /&gt;Will ihn erretten, will ihn befrein&lt;br /&gt;Oder untergehn mit ihm!&lt;br /&gt;Dunkle Kunst, die mich die Mutter gelehrt&lt;br /&gt;Die den Stamm du treibst in des Lebens Lüfte&lt;br /&gt;Und die Wurzeln geheimnisvoll&lt;br /&gt;Hinabsenkst zu den Klüften der Unterwelt,&lt;br /&gt;Sei mir gewärtig!--Medea (will)!&lt;br /&gt;Ans Werk denn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu einigen Jungfrauen die am Eingange des Turmes erscheinen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Und ihr des Dienstes Beflißne&lt;br /&gt;Bereitet die Höhle, bereitet den Altar!&lt;br /&gt;Medea will zu den Geistern rufen,&lt;br /&gt;Zu den düstern Geistern der schaurigen Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Um Rat, um Hilfe, um Stärke, um Macht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ab in den Turm.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Pause.  Dann tritt) Jason (rasch auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hier hört' ich Stimmen!--Hier muß--Niemand hier?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (hinter der Szene).&lt;br /&gt;Holla!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hierher!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (eben so).&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hier Milo, hier!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (der keuchend auftritt).&lt;br /&gt;Mein Freund, such' dir 'nen anderen Begleiter!&lt;br /&gt;Dein Kopf und deine Beine sind zu rasch,&lt;br /&gt;Sie laufen, statt zu gehn.  Ein großer Übelstand!&lt;br /&gt;Von Beinen mag's noch sein, da hilft das Alter,&lt;br /&gt;Allein ein Kopf der läuft!--Glück auf die Reise!&lt;br /&gt;Such' einen andern sag' ich, ich bin's satt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Setzt sich.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wir haben, was wir suchten!--Hier ist Licht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ja Lichts genug um uns da zu beleuchten&lt;br /&gt;Und zu entdecken und zu schlachten, wenn's beliebt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ei, Milo Furcht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(rasch aufstehend).&lt;br /&gt;Furcht?--Lieber Freund, ich bitte&lt;br /&gt;Wäg' deine Worte eh du sprichst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jason faßt entschuldigend seine Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Schon gut!&lt;br /&gt;Wir laufen, nu, die Worte laufen mit!&lt;br /&gt;Doch ernst.  Was suchst du hier?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Kannst du noch fragen?&lt;br /&gt;Die Freunde, sie, die mir hierher gefolgt,&lt;br /&gt;Ihr Heil vertrauend meines Glückes Stern&lt;br /&gt;Und Jasons Sache machend zu der ihren,&lt;br /&gt;Sie schmachten, kaum dem schwarzen Schiff entstiegen,&lt;br /&gt;Hier ohne Nahrung ohne Labetrunk&lt;br /&gt;In dieser Küste unwirtbaren Klippen,&lt;br /&gt;Kein Führer ist, der Wegeskunde gäbe&lt;br /&gt;Kein Landmann bietend seines Speichers Vorrat&lt;br /&gt;Und von der Herde triftgenährter Zucht.&lt;br /&gt;Soll ich die Hände legen da in Schoß&lt;br /&gt;Und müßig zusehn wie die Freunde schmachten?&lt;br /&gt;Beim Himmel!  Ihnen soll ein Führer werden&lt;br /&gt;Und Trank und Speise, sollt' ich auf sie wiegen&lt;br /&gt;Mit meinem Blut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Das treue, wackre Herz!&lt;br /&gt;O daß du nicht des Freundes Rat gefolgt&lt;br /&gt;Und weggeblieben bist von dieser Küste!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Warum denn auch?  Was sollt' ich wohl daheim?&lt;br /&gt;Der Vater tot, mein Oheim auf dem Thron&lt;br /&gt;Scheelsüchtig mich, den künft'gen Feind, betrachtend.&lt;br /&gt;Mich litt es länger nicht, ich mußte fort.&lt;br /&gt;Hätt' er nicht selbst, der Falsche, mir geboten&lt;br /&gt;Hierher zu ziehn in dieses Inselland&lt;br /&gt;Das goldne Götterkleinod abzuholen&lt;br /&gt;Von dem man spricht, so weit die Erde reicht&lt;br /&gt;Und das dem Göttersohne Phryxus einst,&lt;br /&gt;Ihn selber tötend, raubten die Barbaren,&lt;br /&gt;Ich wäre selbst gegangen, freien Willens,&lt;br /&gt;Dem eckelhaften Treiben zu entfliehn.&lt;br /&gt;Ruhmvoller Tod für ruhmentblößtes Leben&lt;br /&gt;Mag's tadeln wer da will, mich lockt der Tausch!&lt;br /&gt;Daß dich, o Freund, ich mitzog und die andern,&lt;br /&gt;Das ist wohl schlimm, allein ihr wolltet's so!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ja freilich wollt' ich so und will noch immer&lt;br /&gt;Denn sieh, ich glaub', du hast mir's angetan,&lt;br /&gt;So lieb' ich dich und all dein Tun und Treiben.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Mein guter Milo!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Nein!  's ist unrecht sag' ich,&lt;br /&gt;Ich sollt' der Klügre sein, ich bin der Ältre.&lt;br /&gt;Hättst du mich hingeführt, wohin auch immer,&lt;br /&gt;Nur nicht in dieses gottverlaßne Land.&lt;br /&gt;Kommt irgend sonst ein Mann in Fährlichkeit,&lt;br /&gt;Nu Schwert heraus und Mut voran.  Doch hier&lt;br /&gt;In dieses Landes feuchter Nebelluft&lt;br /&gt;Legt Rost sich, wie ans Schwert, so an den Mut.&lt;br /&gt;Hört man in einem fort die Wellen brausen,&lt;br /&gt;Die Fichten rauschen und die Winde tosen,&lt;br /&gt;Sieht kaum die Sonne durch der dichten Nebel&lt;br /&gt;Und rauhen Wipfel schaurigen Versteck,&lt;br /&gt;Kein Mensch rings, keine Hütte, keine Spur,&lt;br /&gt;Da wird das Herz so weit, so hohl, so nüchtern&lt;br /&gt;Und man erschrickt wohl endlich vor sich selbst.&lt;br /&gt;Ich, der als Knabe voll Verwundrung horchte,&lt;br /&gt;Wenn man erzählte, 's gäb' ein Ding&lt;br /&gt;Die (Furcht) genannt, hier seh' ich fast Gespenster&lt;br /&gt;Und jeder dürre Stamm scheint mir ein Riese&lt;br /&gt;Und jedes Licht ein Feuermann.  's ist seltsam.&lt;br /&gt;Was unbedenklich sonst, erscheint hier schreckhaft&lt;br /&gt;Und was sonst greulich wieder hier gemein.&lt;br /&gt;Nur kürzlich sah ich einen Bär im Walde,&lt;br /&gt;So groß vielleicht als keinen ich gesehn&lt;br /&gt;Und doch kams fast mir vor, ich sollt' ihn streicheln,&lt;br /&gt;Wie einen Schoßhund streicheln mit der Hand,&lt;br /&gt;So klein, so unbedeutend schien das Tier&lt;br /&gt;Im Abstich seiner schaurigen Umgebung.&lt;br /&gt;Du hörst nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (der indes den Turm betrachtet hat).&lt;br /&gt;Ja ich will hinein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Wohin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Dort in den Turm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Mensch, bist du rasend?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ihn anfassend). Höre!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sich losmachend und das Schwert ziehend).&lt;br /&gt;Ich will, wer hält mich?  Hier mein Schwert!  Es schützt mich&lt;br /&gt;Vor Feinden wie vor überläst'gen Freunden.&lt;br /&gt;Die erste Spur von Menschen find' ich hier&lt;br /&gt;Ich will hinein.  Mit vorgehaltnen Eisen&lt;br /&gt;Zwing' einen ich von des Gebäuds Bewohnern,&lt;br /&gt;Zu folgen mir, zu führen unsre Schar&lt;br /&gt;Auf sichern Pfad aus dieses Waldes Umfang,&lt;br /&gt;Wo Hunger sie und Feindeshinterhalt&lt;br /&gt;Weit sichrer trifft als mich hier die Gefahr.&lt;br /&gt;Sprich nicht!  Ich bin entschlossen.  Geh zurück&lt;br /&gt;Ermutige die Schar.  Bald bring' ich Rettung!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Bedenk'!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Es ist bedacht!  Wer kann hier weilen&lt;br /&gt;Im kleinen Hause, wüst und abgeschieden?&lt;br /&gt;Ein Haushalt von Barbaren und was mehr?&lt;br /&gt;Ich denk' du kennst mich!  Hier ist nicht Gefahr&lt;br /&gt;Als im Verweilen.--Keine Worte weiter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Doch wie gelangst du hin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Siehst du dort drüben&lt;br /&gt;Gähnt weit ein Spalt im alternden Gemäuer.&lt;br /&gt;Das Meer leiht seinen Rücken bis da hin&lt;br /&gt;Und leicht erreich' ich's schwimmend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Höre doch!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Leb' wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich statt dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Auf Wiedersehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Springt von einer Klippe ins Meer)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Er wagt es doch!--Dort schwimmt er!--Tut es (doch),&lt;br /&gt;Und läßt mich schmälen hier nach Herzenslust!&lt;br /&gt;Ein wackres Herz, doch jung, gewaltig jung!&lt;br /&gt;Hier will ich stehn und seiner Rückkehr harren:&lt;br /&gt;Und geht's auch schief, wir hauen uns heraus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er lehnt sich an einen Baum.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ein düsteres Gewölbe im Innern des Turms.  Links im Hintergrunde&lt;br /&gt;die Bildsäule eines Gottes auf hohem Fußgestell, im Vorgrunde&lt;br /&gt;rechts eine Felsenbank.)&lt;br /&gt;(Jungfrauen mit Fackeln bringen einen kleinen Altar und Opfergefäße&lt;br /&gt;und stellen alles ordnend umher.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Eine Jungfrau tritt ein und spricht an der Türe:)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;Genug!  Es naht Medea!  Stört sie nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Alle ab mit den Lichtern.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (tritt durch einen Seiteneingang links auf mit bloßem&lt;br /&gt;Schwerte.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ein finsteres Gewölb'.--Ich bin im Innern!&lt;br /&gt;Mehr Menschen faßt das Haus, scheint's, als ich glaubte,&lt;br /&gt;Doch immerhin!  wird nur mein Ziel erreicht.&lt;br /&gt;Behutsam späh ich, bis ein Einzelner&lt;br /&gt;Mir aufstößt, dann das Schwert ihm auf die Brust&lt;br /&gt;Und mit mir soll er, will er nicht den Tod.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er späht mit vorgehaltenem Schwerte umher.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ist da kein Ausgang?--Halt!--Ein Block von Stein&lt;br /&gt;Das Fußgestell wohl eines Götterbildes.&lt;br /&gt;Ehrt man hier Götter und verhöhnt das Recht?&lt;br /&gt;Doch horch!--ein Fußtritt!--Bleiche Helle gleitet&lt;br /&gt;Fortschreitend an des Ganges engen Bogen.&lt;br /&gt;Man kommt!--Wohin--?--Verbirg mich dunkler Gott!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er versteckt sich hinter die Bildsäule.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (kommt, einen schwarzen Stab in der Rechten, eine Lampe in&lt;br /&gt;der Linken.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Es ist so schwül hier, so dumpf!&lt;br /&gt;Feuchter Qualm drückt die Flamme der Lampe,&lt;br /&gt;Sie brennt ohne zu leuchten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie setzt die Lampe hin.)&lt;br /&gt;--Horch!--Es ist mein eignes Herz,&lt;br /&gt;Das gegen die Brust pocht mit starken Schlägen!&lt;br /&gt;Wie schwach, wie töricht!--Auf Medea!&lt;br /&gt;Es gilt des Vaters Sache, der Götter!&lt;br /&gt;Sollen die Fremden siegen, Kolchis untergehn?&lt;br /&gt;Nimmermehr!  Nimmermehr!&lt;br /&gt;Ans Werk denn!&lt;br /&gt;Seid mir gewärtig Götter, höret mich,&lt;br /&gt;Und gebt Antwort meiner Frage!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Mit dem Stabe Zeichen in die Luft machend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die ihr einhergeht im Gewande der Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Und auf des Sturmes Fittigen wandelt&lt;br /&gt;Furchtbare Fürsten der Tiefe,&lt;br /&gt;Denen der Entschluß gefällt&lt;br /&gt;Und die beflügelte Tat,&lt;br /&gt;Die ihr bei Leichen weilt&lt;br /&gt;Und euch labt am Blut der Erschlagnen,&lt;br /&gt;Die ihr das Herz kennt und lenkt den Willen,&lt;br /&gt;Die ihr zählt die Halme der Gegenwart&lt;br /&gt;Sorglich bewahrt des Vergangenen Ähren&lt;br /&gt;Und durchblickt der Zukunft sprossende Saat,&lt;br /&gt;Euch ruf' ich an!&lt;br /&gt;Gebt mir Kunde, sichere Kunde&lt;br /&gt;Von dem was uns droht, von dem was uns lacht!&lt;br /&gt;Bei der Macht, die mir ward,&lt;br /&gt;Bei dem Dienst, den ich tat,&lt;br /&gt;Bei dem Wort, das ihr kennt&lt;br /&gt;Ruf' ich euch,&lt;br /&gt;Erscheinet, erscheint!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Pause.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Was ist das?--Alles schweigt!&lt;br /&gt;Sie zeigen sich nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Zürnt ihr mir, oder betrat ein Fuß,&lt;br /&gt;Eines Frevlers Fuß&lt;br /&gt;Die heilige Stätte?&lt;br /&gt;Angst befällt mich, Schauer faßt mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Mit steigender Stimme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allgewaltige!  Lauscht meinem Rufen,&lt;br /&gt;Hört Medeens Stimme!&lt;br /&gt;Eure Freundin ist's die ruft.&lt;br /&gt;Ich fleh' ich verlang' es&lt;br /&gt;Erscheinet, erscheint!&lt;br /&gt;Jason (springt hinter der Bildsäule hervor.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (zurückfahrend).&lt;br /&gt;Ha!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Verfluchte Zauberin, du bist am Ende,&lt;br /&gt;Erschienen ist, der dich vernichten wird.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Indem er mit vorgehaltenem Schwerte hervorspringt verwundet er&lt;br /&gt;Medeen am Arme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (den verwundeten rechten Arm mit der linken Hand fassend).&lt;br /&gt;Weh mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Stürzt auf den Felsensitz hin, wo sie schwer atmend leise ächzt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du fliehst?  Mein Arm wird dich ereilen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Im Dunkeln herum blickend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wo ist sie hin!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er nimmt die Lampe und leuchtet vor sich hin.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dort!--Du entgehst mir nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Hinzutretend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Verruchte!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (stöhnend).&lt;br /&gt;Ah!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Stöhnst du?  Ja zittre nur!&lt;br /&gt;Mein Schwert soll deine dunkeln Netze lösen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie mit der Lampe beleuchtend).&lt;br /&gt;Doch seh' ich recht?  Bist du die Zauberin,&lt;br /&gt;Die dort erst heischre Flüche murmelte?&lt;br /&gt;Ein weiblich Wesen liegt zu meinen Füßen,&lt;br /&gt;Verteidigt durch der Anmut Freiheitsbrief,&lt;br /&gt;Nichts zauberhaft an ihr, als ihre Schönheit.&lt;br /&gt;(Bist) du's?--Doch ja!  Der weiße Arm, er blutet,&lt;br /&gt;Verletzt von meinem mitleidslosen Schwert!&lt;br /&gt;Was hast du angerichtet?  Weißt du wohl,&lt;br /&gt;Ich hätt' dich töten können, holdes Bild,&lt;br /&gt;Beim ersten Anfall in der dunkeln Nacht?&lt;br /&gt;Und Schade wär's, fürwahr, um so viel Reiz!&lt;br /&gt;Wer bist du, doppeldeutiges Geschöpf?&lt;br /&gt;Scheinst du so schön und bist so arg, zugleich&lt;br /&gt;So liebenswürdig und so hassenswert,&lt;br /&gt;Was konnte dich bewegen, diesen Mund,&lt;br /&gt;Der, eine Rose, wie die Rose auch&lt;br /&gt;Nur hauchen sollte süßer Worte Duft,&lt;br /&gt;Mit schwarzer Sprüche Greuel zu entweihn?&lt;br /&gt;Als die Natur dich dachte, schrieb sie: (Milde)&lt;br /&gt;Mit holden Lettern auf das erste Blatt&lt;br /&gt;Wer malte Zauberformeln auf die andern?&lt;br /&gt;O geh!  ich hasse deine Schönheit, weil sie&lt;br /&gt;Mich hindert deine Tücke recht zu hassen!&lt;br /&gt;Du atmest schwer.  Schmerzt dich dein Arm?  Ja, siehst du&lt;br /&gt;Das sind die Früchte deines argen Treibens!&lt;br /&gt;Es blutet!  Laß doch sehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Nimmt ihre Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Du zitterst, Mädchen,&lt;br /&gt;Die Pulse klopfen, jede Fiber zuckt.&lt;br /&gt;Vielleicht bist du so arg nicht, als du scheinst,&lt;br /&gt;Nur angesteckt von dieses Landes Wildheit,&lt;br /&gt;Und Reue wohnt in dir und fromme Scheu.&lt;br /&gt;Heb auf das Aug und blicke mir ins Antlitz,&lt;br /&gt;Daß ich die dunkeln Rätsel deines Handelns&lt;br /&gt;Erläutert seh' in deinem klaren Blick.--&lt;br /&gt;Du schweigst!--O wärst du stumm, und jene Laute,&lt;br /&gt;Die mir ertönten, fluchenswerten Inhalts,&lt;br /&gt;Gesprochen hätte sie ein andrer Mund,&lt;br /&gt;Der minder lieblich, Mädchen, als der deine.&lt;br /&gt;Du seufzest!--Sprich!--Laß deine Worte tönen;&lt;br /&gt;Vertrau' den Lüften sie, als Boten, an,&lt;br /&gt;Sonst holt mein Mund sie ab von deinen Lippen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er beugt sich gegen sie.)&lt;br /&gt;(Man hört Waffengeklirr und Stimmen in der Ferne.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Horch!--Stimmen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er läßt sie los.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Näher!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea steht auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deine Freunde kommen&lt;br /&gt;Und ich muß fort.  Des freuest du dich wohl?&lt;br /&gt;Allein ich seh' dich wieder, glaube mir!&lt;br /&gt;Ich muß dich sprechen hören, gütig sprechen,&lt;br /&gt;Und kostet' es mein Leben!--Doch man naht.&lt;br /&gt;Glaub' nicht, daß ich Gefahr und Waffen scheue,&lt;br /&gt;Doch auch ein Tapfrer weicht der Überzahl,&lt;br /&gt;Und meiner harren Freunde.--Leb' denn wohl.&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht dem Seiteneingange zu, durch den er gekommen ist.  Aus&lt;br /&gt;diesem, so wie aus dem Haupteingange stürzen) Bewaffnete (herein,&lt;br /&gt;mit ihnen) Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;So gilt's zu fechten!--Gebet Raum!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Dein Schwert!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Dir in die Brust, nicht in die Hand!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Fangt ihn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sich in Stellung werfend).&lt;br /&gt;Kommt an!  Ihr alle schreckt mich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Laß uns versuchen denn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Stürzt auf Jason los.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (macht eine abhaltende Bewegung gegen ihn).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (zurücktretend).&lt;br /&gt;Was hältst du mich Schwester?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du sorgst um mich?  Hab' Dank, du holdes Wesen,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht für die Hilfe, ich bedarf sie nicht,&lt;br /&gt;Für diese Sorge Dank.  Leb' wohl, o Mädchen,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie bei der Hand fassend und rasch küssend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Und dieser Kuß sei dir ein sichres Pfand,&lt;br /&gt;Daß wir uns wiedersehn!--Gebt Raum!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er schlägt sich durch.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Auf ihn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jason durch die Seitentüre fechtend ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Ihm nach!  Er soll uns nicht entrinnen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Eilt Jason nach mit den Bewaffneten.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (die unbeweglich mit gesenktem Haupt gestanden, hebt jetzt&lt;br /&gt;Kopf und Augen empor).&lt;br /&gt;Götter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ihre Jungfrauen stehen um sie.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Der Vorhang fällt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Aufzug&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Halle wie am Ende des vorigen Aufzuges.  Es ist Tag.)&lt;br /&gt;Gora, Peritta.  Jungfrauen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir, sprich lieber Medeen nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Ob der Ereignung zürnt sie der heutigen Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Und sie spricht sich nicht gut, wenn sie zürnt; das weißt du!&lt;br /&gt;Auch gebot sie dir, ihr Antlitz zu fliehn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peritta.&lt;br /&gt;Was soll ich tun?  Wer hilft, wenn sie nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Gefangen der Gatte, die Hütte verbrannt.&lt;br /&gt;Alles geraubt von den fremden Männern&lt;br /&gt;Wem klag' ich mein Leid, wer rettet, wenn sie nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Tu wie du willst, ich hab' dich gewarnt,&lt;br /&gt;Auch ist's recht und billig nur, daß sie dich hört,&lt;br /&gt;Aber der Mensch tut nicht immer was recht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peritta.&lt;br /&gt;Ach, ich Unselige!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Klage nicht!  Was hilft's&lt;br /&gt;Überleg' und handle, das tut dir Not!&lt;br /&gt;Doch wo weilt Medea?  komm in ihr Gemach.&lt;br /&gt;(Eine) Jungfrau (stürzt atemlos herein.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;O Übermaß des Unglücks!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (an der Türe umkehrend).&lt;br /&gt;Wohl nur der Torheit, will ich hoffen!&lt;br /&gt;Was neues gibt's?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;Der Fürstin Lieblingspferd.--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Das herrliche Tigerroß--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;Es ist entflohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;So?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;In der Verwirrung der heutigen Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Da die Pforte offen, wir alle voll Angst,&lt;br /&gt;Entkam es dem Stall und ward nimmer gesehn!&lt;br /&gt;Weh mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Ja wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;Wie entflieh' ich der Fürstin Zorn?&lt;br /&gt;Wird sie's ertragen--?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Das (wie) ist ihre Sache&lt;br /&gt;Doch tragen muß sie's, da es (ist).&lt;br /&gt;Nur rat' ich dir geh fürs erste ihr aus dem Auge!&lt;br /&gt;Doch horch!  Sie naht schon!  Peritta tritt zu mir.&lt;br /&gt;Medea (kommt in Gedanken versunken aus der Türe rechts.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (nach einer Pause).&lt;br /&gt;Medea--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau (ihr zuvorkommend und zu Medeens Füßen stürzend).&lt;br /&gt;O Königin verzeih!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (den Kopf emporhebend).&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau.&lt;br /&gt;Vernichte mich nicht in deinem Zorn!&lt;br /&gt;Dein Leibroß--Dein Liebling!--Es ist entflohn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Pause während welcher sie Medeen voll Erwartung ins Gesicht sieht).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nicht meine Schuld war's fürwahr.  Der Schrecken heut Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Das Getümmel, der Lärm--Da geschah's--&lt;br /&gt;Du sprichst nicht?--Zürne Fürstin--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Es ist gut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jungfrau steht auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (sie bei Seite ziehend).&lt;br /&gt;Was sprach sie?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jungfrau (freudig).&lt;br /&gt;Es sei gut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Das ist (nicht) gut!&lt;br /&gt;Trägt sie so leicht, was sie sonst schwer ertrug,&lt;br /&gt;Das begünstigt unsre Sache, Peritta!&lt;br /&gt;Fast ist mir's unlieb, daß sie so mild gestimmt&lt;br /&gt;Ich hatte mich drauf gefreut, wie sie sich sträuben würde&lt;br /&gt;Und endlich überwinden müßte zu tun was sie soll.&lt;br /&gt;Nu komm denn, komm, für dich ist's besser so.&lt;br /&gt;Medea hier ist noch jemand den du kennst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Wer?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Kennst deine Gespielin, Peritta, nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Zürnst du ihr gleich--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Peritta bist du's;&lt;br /&gt;Sei mir gegrüßt, sei herzlich mir gegrüßt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie mit dem Arm umschlingend und sich auf sie stützend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wir haben frohe Tage zusammen gelebt.&lt;br /&gt;Seit dem ist viel übles geschehn.&lt;br /&gt;Viel übles seit der Zeit, Peritta!&lt;br /&gt;Hast du deine Herde verlassen und dein Haus&lt;br /&gt;Und kommst wieder zu mir, Peritta?&lt;br /&gt;Sei mir willkommen, du bist sanft und gut,&lt;br /&gt;Du sollst mir die Nächste sein im Kreis meiner Frauen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peritta.&lt;br /&gt;Kein Haus hab' ich mehr und keine Herde&lt;br /&gt;Alles verloren, mein Gatte gefangen,&lt;br /&gt;Dahin meine Ruhe, mein Segen, mein Glück.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;So ist er dahin, ist tot!&lt;br /&gt;Du dauerst mich armes, armes Kind!&lt;br /&gt;War so jung, so kräftig, so glänzend, so schön,&lt;br /&gt;Und ist tot und kalt!  Du dauerst mich&lt;br /&gt;Ich könnte weinen, so rührst du mich.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Legt ihre Stirne auf Perittas Schulter.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peritta.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht tot, nur gefangen ist mein Gatte&lt;br /&gt;Drum kam ich zu flehn, daß du bittest den Vater&lt;br /&gt;Ihn zu lösen, zu retten, zu befrein--&lt;br /&gt;Medea hörst du?--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Gora.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sie spricht nicht!  Was sinnt sie?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Mich überrascht sie nicht minder als dich&lt;br /&gt;Das ist sonst nicht Medeens Sitte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peritta.&lt;br /&gt;Was ist das?  Trau' ich meinen Sinnen?&lt;br /&gt;Feucht fühl' ich dein Antlitz auf meiner Schulter!&lt;br /&gt;Medea Tränen?--O du Milde, du Gute!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Küßt Medeens herabhängende Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea reißt sich empor, faßt rasch mit der rechten Hand die&lt;br /&gt;geküßte Linke und sieht Peritten starr ins Gesicht.  Dann entfernt&lt;br /&gt;sie sich rasch von ihr, sie immer starr betrachtend und nähert sich&lt;br /&gt;der Amme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Gora!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Frau?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Heiß sie gehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;So willst du--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Heiß sie gehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(winkt Peritten mit der Hand Entfernung zu).&lt;br /&gt;(Peritta hält flehend ihr die Hände entgegen.)&lt;br /&gt;(Gora winkt ihr beruhigend zu, sich zu entfernen.)&lt;br /&gt;(Peritta von zwei Mädchen geführt, ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (unterdessen).&lt;br /&gt;Ah!--es ist heiß hier.--Schwüle Luft.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Reißt gewaltsam den Gürtel entzwei und wirft ihn weg.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Sie ist fort!.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (zusammenfahrend).&lt;br /&gt;Fort?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Peritta ist fort.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Gora!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Gebieterin!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (halblaut, sie bei Seite führend).&lt;br /&gt;Warst du zugegen heut Nacht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Wo?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (Sieht ihr fremd ins Gesicht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Ah hier?  Freilich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (mit freudeglänzenden Blicken).&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir es war ein Gott!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Gott?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich habe lange darüber nachgedacht,&lt;br /&gt;Nachgedacht und geträumt die lange Nacht,&lt;br /&gt;Aber 's war ein Himmlischer, des bin ich gewiß.&lt;br /&gt;Als er mit einemmal dastand, zürnenden Muts,&lt;br /&gt;Hochaufleuchtend, einen Blitz in der Hand&lt;br /&gt;Und zwei andre im flammenden Blick,&lt;br /&gt;Da fühlt' ich's am Sinken des Muts, an meiner Vernichtung,&lt;br /&gt;Daß ihn kein sterbliches Weib gebar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Wie?  so--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du hast mir wohl selbst erzählet,&lt;br /&gt;Oft, daß Menschen, die nah dem Sterben,&lt;br /&gt;(Heimdar) sich zeige, der furchtbare Gott,&lt;br /&gt;Der die Toten führt in die schaurige Tiefe.&lt;br /&gt;Sieh, der war es glaub' ich, o Gora!&lt;br /&gt;(Heimdar) war es, der Todesgott.&lt;br /&gt;Bezeichnet hat er sein dunkles Opfer,&lt;br /&gt;Bezeichnet mich mit dem ladenden Kuß&lt;br /&gt;Und Medea wird sterben, hinuntergehn&lt;br /&gt;Zu den Schatten der schweigenden Tiefe.&lt;br /&gt;Glaub' mir, ich fühle das, gute Gora,&lt;br /&gt;An diesem Bangen, an diesem Verwelken der Sinne,&lt;br /&gt;An dieser Grabessehnsucht fühl' ich es,&lt;br /&gt;Daß mir nicht fern das Ende der Tage!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Was hat deinen Sinn so sehr umwölkt,&lt;br /&gt;Daß du trüb schaust, was klar und deutlich?&lt;br /&gt;Ein Mensch war's, ein Übermüt'ger, ein Frecher&lt;br /&gt;Der hier eindrang&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (zurückfahrend).&lt;br /&gt;Ha!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Der die Nacht benützend--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Schweig!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Deine Angst&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Verruchte schweig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Schweigen kann ich wenn du's gebietest,&lt;br /&gt;Einst mein Pflegling, jetzt meine Frau.&lt;br /&gt;Aber drum ist's nicht anders als ich sagte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Sieh wie du albern bist und töricht!&lt;br /&gt;Wie käm' ein Fremder in diese Mauern?&lt;br /&gt;Wie hätt' ein Sterblicher sich erfrecht,&lt;br /&gt;Zu drängen sich vor Medeas Antlitz,&lt;br /&gt;Sie zu sprechen, ihr zu drohn, mit seinen Lippen--&lt;br /&gt;Geh Unselige, geh&lt;br /&gt;Daß ich dich nicht töte,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht räche deine Torheit&lt;br /&gt;An deinem Leben.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Sterblicher?  Scham und Schmach!&lt;br /&gt;Entferne dich, Verräterin!&lt;br /&gt;Geh!  sonst trifft dich mein Zorn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Ich rede was ist und nicht was du willst.&lt;br /&gt;Gehn soll ich?  ich gehe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Gora, bleib!&lt;br /&gt;Hast du kein freundlichs Wort, du Gute?&lt;br /&gt;Fühlst du denn nicht, so ist's so muß es sein,&lt;br /&gt;(Heimdar) war es, der stille Gott,&lt;br /&gt;Und nun kein Wort mehr, kein Wort, o Gora!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Wirft sich ihr an den Hals und verschließt mit ihrem Munde Goras&lt;br /&gt;Lippen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Nach einer Pause.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Horch!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Tritte nahen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Man kommt!  Fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!  Dein Bruder ist's und dein Vater!  Sieh!&lt;br /&gt;Aietes und Absyrtus (stürzen herein.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Entkommen ist er, des trägst du die Schuld!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Warum hemmtest den Streich des Bruders,&lt;br /&gt;Da er ihn töten wollte, den Frevler?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Vater, scheltet sie nicht darum&lt;br /&gt;War doch angstvoll und bang ihre Seele!&lt;br /&gt;Denkt!  ein Fremder, allein, bei Nacht,&lt;br /&gt;Eingedrungen in ihre Kammer;&lt;br /&gt;Sollte sie da nicht zagen, Vater?&lt;br /&gt;Und nicht weiß die Furcht was sie tut.&lt;br /&gt;Doch der Grieche--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Grieche?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wer sonst?&lt;br /&gt;Einer der Fremden war's, der Hellenen,&lt;br /&gt;Die gekommen an Kolchis' Küste,&lt;br /&gt;Argonauten, auf Argo dem Schiff,&lt;br /&gt;Zu verwüsten unsere Täler&lt;br /&gt;Und zu rauben unser Gut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Goras Hand fassend).&lt;br /&gt;Gora!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Siehst du?  es ist so, wie ich sagte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Übermütig sind sie und stark&lt;br /&gt;Ja, bei Peronto!  Stark und kühn!&lt;br /&gt;Setzt' ich nicht nach ihm, ich und die Meinen&lt;br /&gt;Hart ihn drängend, nach auf den Fersen?&lt;br /&gt;Aber er führte in Kreisen sein Schwert&lt;br /&gt;Keiner von uns kam ihm nah zu Leibe.&lt;br /&gt;Jetzt zum Strom gekommen, warf er&lt;br /&gt;Raschen Sprungs sich hinein.&lt;br /&gt;Dumpf ertönte die Gegend dem Sturze,&lt;br /&gt;Hoch auf spritzten die schäumenden Wasser&lt;br /&gt;Und er verschwand in umhüllende Nacht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ist er entkommen dieses Mal&lt;br /&gt;Fürder soll es ihm nicht gelingen!&lt;br /&gt;Die kühnen Fremdlinge stolz und trotzig&lt;br /&gt;Haben Zweisprach begehrt mit mir.&lt;br /&gt;Zugesagt hab' ich's, den Groll verbergend&lt;br /&gt;Den tödlichen Haß in der tiefen Brust&lt;br /&gt;Aber gelingt mir, was ich sinne,&lt;br /&gt;Und bist du mir gewärtig mit deiner Kunst,&lt;br /&gt;So soll sie der frevelnde Mut gereuen,&lt;br /&gt;So endet der Streit noch eh er begann.&lt;br /&gt;Auf Medea, komm!  Mach' dich fertig&lt;br /&gt;Gut zu machen, was du gefehlet&lt;br /&gt;Und zu rächen die eigene Schmach&lt;br /&gt;(Deine) Sache ist's nun geworden&lt;br /&gt;Haben sie doch an dir auch gefrevelt,&lt;br /&gt;Gefrevelt durch jenes Kühnen Tat,&lt;br /&gt;Denn wahr ist's doch, was Absyrtus mir sagte,&lt;br /&gt;Daß er's gewagt mit entehrendem Kuß--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater schweig, ich bitte dich--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ist's wahr?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Frage mich nicht was wahr, was nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Laß dir's sagen die Röte meiner Wangen&lt;br /&gt;Laß dir's sagen--Was soll ich?  Gebeut!&lt;br /&gt;Willst du vernichten die Schar der Frevler?&lt;br /&gt;Sage nur wie, ich bin bereit!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;So recht Medea, so mag ich's gern&lt;br /&gt;So erkenn' ich in dir mein Kind&lt;br /&gt;Zeig' daß dir fremd war des Frechen Erkühnen&lt;br /&gt;Laß sie nicht glauben, du habest gewußt&lt;br /&gt;Selber gewußt um die frevelnde Tat!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Gewußt?  Wer glaubt das, Vater und von wem?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wer?  der's sah, der's hörte, Kind!&lt;br /&gt;Wer Zeuge war wie Aletes' fürstliche Tochter&lt;br /&gt;Den Kuß duldete von des Frevlers Lippe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du tötest mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;(Ich) glaub's (nicht), Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Wirklich nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Laß uns gehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wohin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Wohin du willst&lt;br /&gt;Zu vernichten, zu töten, zu sterben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du versprichst mir also?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab' es gesagt!&lt;br /&gt;Aber laß uns gehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Hör' erst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht hier!&lt;br /&gt;Hohnzulachen scheint mir des Gottes Bild&lt;br /&gt;Des Gewölbes Steine formen sich mir&lt;br /&gt;Zu lachenden Mäulern und grinsenden Larven.&lt;br /&gt;Hinweg von dem Orte meiner Schmach!&lt;br /&gt;Nimmer betret' ich ihn.  Vater komm!&lt;br /&gt;Was du willst, wie du willst, doch fort von hier!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;So höre!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Eilt ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Mit Absyrtus ihr nach.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Freier Platz mit Bäumen.  Links im Hintergrunde des Königs Zelt.)&lt;br /&gt;Acht Abgeordnete der Argonauten (treten auf von einem) Kolchischen&lt;br /&gt;Hauptmanne (geleitet.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hauptmann.&lt;br /&gt;Hier sollt ihr weilen ist des Königs Befehl&lt;br /&gt;Bald naht er selbst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erster Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Befehl?  Nichtswürdiger Barbar,&lt;br /&gt;Für dich mag's sein, doch uns Befehl?&lt;br /&gt;Wir harren deines Königs weil wir wollen,&lt;br /&gt;Doch eil' er sich, sonst suchen wir ihn auf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Laß ihn!  Die Knechtesrede ziemt dem Knecht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Kolcher ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So sind wir hier; erreicht des Strebens Ziel!&lt;br /&gt;Nach mancher Fährlichkeit zu Land und See&lt;br /&gt;Umfängt uns Kolchis' düstre Märchenwelt,&lt;br /&gt;Von der man spricht so weit die Sonne leuchtet.&lt;br /&gt;Was keinem möglich deuchte ist geschehn;&lt;br /&gt;Durchsegelt ist ein unbekanntes Meer,&lt;br /&gt;Das zürnend Untergang dem ersten Schiffer drohte,&lt;br /&gt;Zu neuen Völkern und zu neuen Ländern&lt;br /&gt;Tat sich der Weg, und was oft schwerer noch,&lt;br /&gt;Tat auch der Rückweg sich uns günstig auf:&lt;br /&gt;Wir sind in Kolchis, unsrer Reise Ziel.&lt;br /&gt;So weit hat gnädig uns ein Gott geführt;&lt;br /&gt;Doch jetzo fürcht' ich wendet er sich ab!&lt;br /&gt;Wir stehn in Feindes Land, von Tod umgeben&lt;br /&gt;Fremd, ohne Rat und Führer--Jason fehlt.&lt;br /&gt;Er, der zum Zug geworben, ihn geführt,&lt;br /&gt;Er, dessen eigne Sache wir verfechten,&lt;br /&gt;Mit Milo hat er sich vom Zug entfernt,&lt;br /&gt;Heut Nacht entfernt und ward nicht mehr gesehn.&lt;br /&gt;Ob er im Wald verirrt, verlassen schmachtet,&lt;br /&gt;Ob er ins Netz gefallen der Barbaren,&lt;br /&gt;Ob ihn aus Hinterhalt der Tod ereilt&lt;br /&gt;Ich weiß es nicht, doch jedes steht zu fürchten.&lt;br /&gt;So aufgelöst, vereinzelt, ohne Band,&lt;br /&gt;Ist jeder nun sein eigner Rat und Führer&lt;br /&gt;Drum frag' ich euch, die Ersten unsrer Schar:&lt;br /&gt;Was ist zu tun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Alle schweigen mit gesenkten Häuptern.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ihr schweigt.  Jetzt gilt's Entschluß!&lt;br /&gt;Geladen von dem König dieses Landes&lt;br /&gt;Zur Zweisprach, zum Versuch der Gütlichkeit,&lt;br /&gt;Schien's uns gefährlich, ob des Führers Abgang&lt;br /&gt;Den Aufruf abzulehnen, der geschehn,&lt;br /&gt;Und zu enthüllen unsre Not und Schwäche.&lt;br /&gt;Wir gingen, wir sind hier!--Was nun zu tun?&lt;br /&gt;Wer Rat weiß, spreche nun!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dritter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Du bist der Ältste&lt;br /&gt;Sprich du!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Der Ältste ist der Erste nicht&lt;br /&gt;Wo's Kraft gilt und Entschluß.  Fragt einen andern!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erster Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Laßt uns die Schwerter nehmen in die Hand&lt;br /&gt;Den König töten und sein treulos Volk&lt;br /&gt;Dann fort, doch erst die Beut' ins Schiff gebracht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht auch das Land und heimgebracht zur Schau?&lt;br /&gt;Dein Rat ist unreif Freund wie deine Jahre.&lt;br /&gt;Gebt andern!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dritter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Rate du, wir folgen dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Rat ist Rückkehr!  Murrt ihr?  Nun wohlan&lt;br /&gt;Sprech' einer Besseres, ich stimme bei!&lt;br /&gt;Ihr schweigt gesamt und Niemand tritt hervor.&lt;br /&gt;So hört, und stört nicht oder überzeugt mich!&lt;br /&gt;Nicht eignes Streben hat uns hergeführt&lt;br /&gt;Was kümmert Kolchis uns mit seinen Wundern?&lt;br /&gt;Dem Mut, dem Glücke Jasons folgten wir&lt;br /&gt;Den Arm ihm leihend zum gebotnen Werk;&lt;br /&gt;Er tat des Oheims Willen, wir den seinen.&lt;br /&gt;Wer ist, der treten mag an Jasons Stelle,&lt;br /&gt;Hat ihn der Tod, wie möglich, hingerafft?&lt;br /&gt;Wem liegt daran das Wundervließ zu rauben&lt;br /&gt;Das Tod umringt und dräuende Gefahr?&lt;br /&gt;Habt ihr gehört?  im Schlund der Höhle liegt's,&lt;br /&gt;Bewacht von eines Drachen gift'gen Zähnen,&lt;br /&gt;Vom Graun verteidigt schwarzer Zauberei,&lt;br /&gt;Beschützt von allem was verrucht und greulich;&lt;br /&gt;Wer wagt's von euch, wer hebt den goldnen Schatz?&lt;br /&gt;Wie Keiner?  Nun, so woll' auch keiner (scheinen)&lt;br /&gt;Was keiner Kraft und Willen hat zu (sein).&lt;br /&gt;Hier leg' ich von mir Schild und Speer&lt;br /&gt;Und geh' zum König als ein Mann des Friedens.&lt;br /&gt;Drei Tage gönn' er uns zu harren Zeit,&lt;br /&gt;Und kehrt dann Jason nicht, so ziehn wir heim.&lt;br /&gt;Wer mit mir gleichdenkt, tue so wie ich.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Held ist wer das Leben Großem opfert&lt;br /&gt;Wer's für ein Nichts vergeudet ist ein Tor!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die meisten stoßen ihre Speere in den Boden.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nun kommt zu Kolchis' König.  Gerne tauscht er&lt;br /&gt;Die eigne Sicherheit wohl aus für unsre!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erster Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Halt noch.  Dort nahn zwei Griechen!  Milo ist's&lt;br /&gt;Der fort mit Jason ging und--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(schreiend)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason selber!&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mehrere.&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alle (tumultuarisch).&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(hinter der) Szene).&lt;br /&gt;Hier Gefährten!&lt;br /&gt;Hier Jason, Argonauten!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erster Argonaut (zum zweiten).&lt;br /&gt;Was sagst du nun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Daß Jason da ist, sag' ich Freund wie du.&lt;br /&gt;Statt meines Rates gibt er euch die Tat.&lt;br /&gt;Nur da er fort war hatt' ich eine Meinung!&lt;br /&gt;Milo (tritt auf), Jason (an der Hand führend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Hier habt ihr ihn!  Hier ist er ganz und gar!&lt;br /&gt;Nun seht euch satt an ihm und schreit und jubelt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die Argonauten drängen sich um Jason, fassen seine Hände und&lt;br /&gt;drücken ihre Freude aus.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vermischte Stimmen.&lt;br /&gt;Willkommen--Jason!--Freund!--Willkommen Bruder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Habt ihr um mich gebangt?  Hier bin ich wieder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Indem er den Andrängenden die Hände reicht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (den nächststehenden umarmend).&lt;br /&gt;Freund siehst du, er ist da?  Gesund und rüstig!&lt;br /&gt;Und's ging ihm nah ans Leben, ei beim Himmel!&lt;br /&gt;Ein Haar!  und ihr saht Jason nimmer mehr!&lt;br /&gt;Er wagte sich, allein--ich durft' nicht mit--&lt;br /&gt;Um euretwillen Freunde wagt' er sich,&lt;br /&gt;Im dichten Wald, allein, in einen Turm,&lt;br /&gt;Der voll Barbaren steckte bis zum Giebel.&lt;br /&gt;Da hieß es fechten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja fürwahr es galt!&lt;br /&gt;Verloren war ich, wenn ein Mädchen nicht--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Mädchen?  Ein Barbarenmädchen?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Sieh davon sagtest du mir früher nichts!&lt;br /&gt;Und war sie schön?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;So schön so reizend so--&lt;br /&gt;Doch eine arge, böse Zauberin.--&lt;br /&gt;Ihr dank' ich dies mein Leben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Wackres Mädchen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich schlug mich durch und--doch genug, ich lebe&lt;br /&gt;Und bin bei euch!--Doch was führt euch hierher?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Zur Zweisprach ließ uns laden Kolchis' König&lt;br /&gt;Vernehmen will er unsre Forderung&lt;br /&gt;Und dann entscheiden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hier?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zweiter Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Hier ist sein Sitz!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will ihn sprechen.  Fügt er sich in Frieden&lt;br /&gt;Gut denn!  wenn nicht, dann mag das Schwert entscheiden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf die seitwärts gestellten Speere zeigend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Doch diese Waffen!--Seid ihr hier so sicher&lt;br /&gt;Daß ihr des Schutzes selber euch beraubt?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie nehmen beschämt die weggelegten Speere wieder auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ihr schweigt und schlagt beschämt die Augen nieder?&lt;br /&gt;Habt ihr?--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Milo.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oh sieh, sie meiden meinen Blick!&lt;br /&gt;Unglückliche!  es war doch nicht die Furcht--&lt;br /&gt;Die (Furcht) Hellenen, die den Speer euch nahm?&lt;br /&gt;Es war's nicht--?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Milo.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ach es war's!  Die Unglücksel'gen&lt;br /&gt;Sie wagen's nicht der Lüge mich zu zeihn.&lt;br /&gt;Was hat euch denn verblendet arme Brüder?--&lt;br /&gt;Es war die (Furcht)!--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu einem der sprechen will.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich bitte dich, sprich nicht&lt;br /&gt;Ich kann mir denken was du fühlst.  Sprich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Mach' nicht, daß ich mich schäme vor mir selbst!&lt;br /&gt;Denn, o nicht ohne Tränen könnt' ich schauen&lt;br /&gt;In ein von Scham gerötet Männerantlitz.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will's vergessen wenn ich kann.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ein Kolcher tritt auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kolcher.&lt;br /&gt;Der König naht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;So laßt uns stark sein und entschlossen, Freunde&lt;br /&gt;Nicht ahne der Barbar, was hier geschehn!&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (tritt auf mit) Gefolge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wer ist der das Wort führt für die Fremden!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (vortretend).&lt;br /&gt;Ich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Beginn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hochmütiger Barbar, du wagst--?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Was willst du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Achtung!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Achtung?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Meiner Macht,&lt;br /&gt;Wenn meinem Namen nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wohlan, so sprich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Thessaliens Beherrscher, Pelias,&lt;br /&gt;Mein Oheim und mein Herr, schickt mich zu dir,&lt;br /&gt;Mich, Jason, dieser Männer Kriegeshaupt,&lt;br /&gt;Zu dir zu reden, wie ich jetzo rede!&lt;br /&gt;Gekommen ist die Kunde übers Meer,&lt;br /&gt;Daß Phryxus, ein Hellene, hohen Stammes,&lt;br /&gt;Den Tod gefunden hier in deinem Reich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich schlug ihn nicht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Warum verteidigst du dich,&lt;br /&gt;Eh ich dich noch beschuldigt?  Hör' mich erst.&lt;br /&gt;Mit Schätzen und mit Gute reich beladen&lt;br /&gt;War Phryxus' Schiff.  Das blieb in deiner Hand&lt;br /&gt;Als er verblich geheimnisvollen Todes!&lt;br /&gt;Sein Haus ist aber nahverwandt dem meinen,&lt;br /&gt;Drum in dem Namen meines Ohms und Herrn&lt;br /&gt;Fordr' ich, daß du erstattest, was sein eigen,&lt;br /&gt;Und was nun mein und meines Fürstenhauses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Nichts weiß ich von Schätzen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich enden.&lt;br /&gt;Das Köstlichste von Phryxus' Gütern aber&lt;br /&gt;Es war ein köstliches, geheimnisvolles Vließ,&lt;br /&gt;Des er entkleidete in Delphis hoher Stadt&lt;br /&gt;Das Bildnis eines unbekannten Gottes&lt;br /&gt;Das dort seit grauen Jahren aufgestellt,&lt;br /&gt;Man sagt, von den Urvätern unsers Landes,&lt;br /&gt;Die fernher kommend, und von Oben stammend,&lt;br /&gt;Das Land betraten und der Menschheit Samen&lt;br /&gt;Weitbreitend in die leere Wildnis streuten,&lt;br /&gt;Und Hellas' Väter wurden, unsre Ahnen&lt;br /&gt;Von ihnen sagt man stamme jenes Zeichen,&lt;br /&gt;Ein teures Pfand für Hellas' Heil und Glück.&lt;br /&gt;Vor allem nun dies Vließ fordr' ich von dir,&lt;br /&gt;Daß es ein Kleinod bleibe der Hellenen&lt;br /&gt;Und nicht in trotziger Barbaren Hand&lt;br /&gt;Zum Siegeszeichen diene wider sie.&lt;br /&gt;Sag' was beschließest du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab's nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Das goldne Vließ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab's nicht, sag' ich dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ist dies dein letztes Wort?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mein letztes!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wohlan!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Wendet sich zu gehn.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wo willst du hin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Fort, zu den Meinen,&lt;br /&gt;Sie zu den Waffen rufen, um zu sehen,&lt;br /&gt;Ob du der Macht unnahbar wie dem Recht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich lache deiner Drohungen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wie lange?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Tollkühner!  Mit einem Häufchen Abenteurer&lt;br /&gt;Willst du trotzen dem König von Kolchis?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will's versuchen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Will gehen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Halt!  Du rasest glaub' ich.&lt;br /&gt;Ist wirklich der Götter Huld geknüpft an jenes Zeichen&lt;br /&gt;Und ist dem Sieg und Rache, der's besitzt,&lt;br /&gt;Wie kannst du hoffen zu bestehen gegen mich,&lt;br /&gt;In dessen Hand--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ha, so besitzest du's?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn's wäre, mein' ich, wie du glaubst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich weiß genug!&lt;br /&gt;Schwachsinniger Barbar, und darauf stützest&lt;br /&gt;Du deiner Weigrung unhaltbaren Trotz?&lt;br /&gt;Du glaubst zu siegen, weil in deiner Hand--&lt;br /&gt;Nicht gut nicht schlimm ist, was die Götter geben&lt;br /&gt;Und der Empfänger erst macht das Geschenk.&lt;br /&gt;So wie das Brot, das uns die Erde spendet,&lt;br /&gt;Den Starken stärkt, des Kranken Siechtum mehrt,&lt;br /&gt;So sind der Götter hohe Gaben alle,&lt;br /&gt;Dem Guten gut, dem Argen zum Verderben.&lt;br /&gt;In meiner Hand führt jenes Vließ zum Siege&lt;br /&gt;In deiner sichert's dir den Untergang.&lt;br /&gt;Sprich selbst, wirst du es wagen zu berühren&lt;br /&gt;Besprützt wie's ist mit deines Gastfreunds Blut,--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Schweig!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Sag' gibst du's heraus?--ja oder nein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;So höre mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja oder nein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du rascher!&lt;br /&gt;Warum uns zanken ohne Not&lt;br /&gt;Laß uns friedlich überlegen&lt;br /&gt;Und dann entscheiden was zu geschehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du gibst es denn heraus?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Was?--Ei laß das!&lt;br /&gt;Wir wollen uns erst kennen und verstehn.&lt;br /&gt;Dem Freunde gibt man, nicht dem Fremden!&lt;br /&gt;Tritt ein bei mir und ruhe von der Fahrt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich trau' dir nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Warum nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Ist auch rauh meine Sprache, fürchte nichts.&lt;br /&gt;Laß dir's wohl sein in meinem Lande.&lt;br /&gt;Liebst du den Becher?  Wir haben Tranks die Fülle.&lt;br /&gt;Jagd?  Wildreich sind unsre Forste.&lt;br /&gt;Magst du dich freun in der Weiber Umarmung?&lt;br /&gt;Kolchis hat--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Näher zu ihm tretend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Liebst du die Weiber?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;(Eure) Weiber?  und doch--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Liebst du die Weiber?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Kennst einen Turm du dort im nahen Walde,&lt;br /&gt;Der--doch wo bin ich!  Komm zur Sache König!&lt;br /&gt;Gibst du das Vließ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(zu einem Kolcher).&lt;br /&gt;Ruf Medeen und bring' Wein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Noch einmal, gibst du mir das Vließ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Sei ruhig!&lt;br /&gt;Erst gezecht dann zum Rat, so halten wir's.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will von deinen Gaben nichts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du sollst!&lt;br /&gt;Ungespeist geht keiner aus Aietes' Hause!&lt;br /&gt;Sieh man kommt, laß dir's gefallen, Fremdling!&lt;br /&gt;Medea (kömmt verschleiert einen Becher in der Hand, mit ihr) Diener&lt;br /&gt;(die Pokale tragen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Hier trink, mein edler Gast!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ist er bereitet?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;O frage nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;So geh und biet ihn an!&lt;br /&gt;Erlabe dich mein Gast!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich trinke nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea fährt beim Klang von Jasons Stimme zusammen.  Sie blickt&lt;br /&gt;empor, erkennt ihn und tritt einige Schritte zurück.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (zu Jason).&lt;br /&gt;Warum nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hin zu ihm.  Tritt näher sag' ich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Was seh' ich?--Diese Kleider!--Mädchen bleib!&lt;br /&gt;Dein Kleid erneuert mir ein holdes Bild&lt;br /&gt;Das ich nur erst--Gib deinen Becher mir,&lt;br /&gt;Ich wag's auf deine Außenseite!  Gib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er nimmt den Becher aus ihrer Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich leer' ihn auf dein Wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Halt ein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du trinkst Verderben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wie?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(indem er den Becher wegwirft).&lt;br /&gt;König&lt;br /&gt;Das deine Freundschaft?  Rache dir Barbar!&lt;br /&gt;Doch du, wer bist du?  die so sonderbar&lt;br /&gt;Mit Grausamkeit vereinet Mitleids Milde?&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich dich schaun!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er reißt ihr den Schleier ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sie ist's!  Es ist dieselbe!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Medea heißest du?&lt;br /&gt;So sprich Medea denn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was willst du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wie?&lt;br /&gt;So mild dein Tun und rauh dein Wort, Medea?&lt;br /&gt;Nur zweimal sah ich dich und beidemal&lt;br /&gt;Verdank' ich dir mein Leben.  Habe Dank!&lt;br /&gt;Es scheint die Götter haben uns ersehn&lt;br /&gt;Uns Freund zu sein, nicht Feinde, o Medea!&lt;br /&gt;Noch einmal diesen Blick, o sieh nicht weg!&lt;br /&gt;Schau' mir ins Aug, ich mein' es rein und gut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Erfaßt ihre Hand und wendet sie gegen sich.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich in deinem Blick die Kunde lesen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea entreißt ihm die Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Halt ein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (sich emporrichtend).&lt;br /&gt;Verwegner wagst du's?--Weh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie begegnet seinem Blicke, fährt zusammen und entflieht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea ab.)&lt;br /&gt;(Er eilt ihr nach.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du selbst zurück, Barbar!--Medea!&lt;br /&gt;(Indem er ins Zelt dringen will und Aietes sich ihm abwehrend in&lt;br /&gt;den Weg stellt, fällt der Vorhang.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dritter Aufzug&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Das Innere von des Königs Zelte.  Der hintere Vorhang desselben&lt;br /&gt;ist so, daß man durch denselben, ohne die draußen befindlichen&lt;br /&gt;Personen genau unterscheiden zu können, doch die Umrisse derselben&lt;br /&gt;erkennen kann.)&lt;br /&gt;Medea, Gora, Jungfrauen (im Zelte.) Jason, Aietes (und) Alle&lt;br /&gt;Personen des letzten Aktschlusses (außer demselben.)&lt;br /&gt;(Medea steht links im Vorgrunde aufgerichtet, die linke Hand auf&lt;br /&gt;einen Tisch gestützt, die Augen unbeweglich vor sich gerichtet in&lt;br /&gt;der Stellung einer die hört was außen vorgeht.  Gora sie&lt;br /&gt;beobachtend auf der andern Seite des Tisches.  Jungfrauen teils&lt;br /&gt;knieend, teils stehend um sie gruppiert.  Einige) Krieger (im&lt;br /&gt;Hintergrunde des Zeltes an den Seiten aufgestellt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (von außen).&lt;br /&gt;Ich will hinein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (außen).&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Denkst du's zu wehren?&lt;br /&gt;Vom Schwert die Hand!  die Hand vom Schwerte sag' ich,&lt;br /&gt;Das meine zuckt, ich kann nicht drohen sehn!&lt;br /&gt;Ich will hinein!  Gib Raum!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück Verwegner!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (zu Medeen).&lt;br /&gt;Er rast der Freche!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (außen).&lt;br /&gt;Hörst du mich Medea?&lt;br /&gt;Gib mir ein Zeichen wenn du hörst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Vernahmst du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Dringt bis zu dir mein Ruf, so gib ein Zeichen.&lt;br /&gt;Erwählte!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea, die bis jetzt unbeweglich gestanden fährt zusammen und legt&lt;br /&gt;die Hand auf die tiefatmende Brust.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Sieh, mein Arm ist offen.  Komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jasons Stimme kommt immer näher.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab' dein Herz erkannt!  Erkenn' das meine&lt;br /&gt;Medea komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Er dringt herein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea reißt sich aus den Armen ihrer Jungfrauen los und flieht auf&lt;br /&gt;die andere Seite des Vorgrunds.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich rufe dir!  Ich liebe dich, Medea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (Medeen folgend).&lt;br /&gt;Hast du gehört?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (verhüllt die Augen mit der Hand).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (dringend).&lt;br /&gt;Unglückliche das also war's?&lt;br /&gt;Daher die Bewegung, daher deine Angst&lt;br /&gt;O Schmach und Schande, wär' es wirklich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (aufgerichtet, sie mit Hoheit anblickend).&lt;br /&gt;Was?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (indem er die Vorhänge des Zeltes aufreißt).&lt;br /&gt;Ich muß sie sehn!--Da ist sie!--Komm Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Er naht!  Entflieh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (zu den Soldaten im Zelte).&lt;br /&gt;Steht ihr so müßig&lt;br /&gt;Braucht die Waffen, helft eurem Herrn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (der indes mit Jason am Eingange gerungen hat).&lt;br /&gt;Mit meinem Tod erst dringst du hinein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die Soldaten im Zelte stürzen auf die Streitenden los.  Jason wird&lt;br /&gt;weggedrängt.  Die Vorhänge fallen wieder zu.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (draußen).&lt;br /&gt;Medea!--Wohl so mag das Schwert entscheiden!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus' Stimme.&lt;br /&gt;Schwerter bloß!  Hier ist das Meine!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Waffengeklirr von außen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Sie fechten!  Götter stärkt der Unsern Arm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea steht wieder bewegungslos da.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milos Stimme (von außen).&lt;br /&gt;Jason zurück!  Wir werden übermannt&lt;br /&gt;Zwölf unsre Schar und hunderte der Feinde!&lt;br /&gt;Barbaren brecht ihr den geschwornen Stillstand?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Laß sie nur kommen, ich empfange sie!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Haut sie nieder, weichen sie nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Das Waffengeklirr entfernt sich.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Die Fremden werden zurückgedrängt, die Unsern siegen!&lt;br /&gt;Medea fasse dich.  Dein Vater naht.&lt;br /&gt;Aietes und Absyrtus kommen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wo ist sie?--Hier!  Verräterin&lt;br /&gt;Wagst du's zu stehn deines Vaters Blick?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (ihm entgegen).&lt;br /&gt;Nicht zu Worten ist's jetzt Zeit, zu Taten!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Das sagst du mir nach dem was geschehn,&lt;br /&gt;Jetzt, da das Schwert noch bloß in meiner Hand?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Nichts weiter von Vergleich, von Unterredung&lt;br /&gt;Von gütlichen Vertrags fruchtlosem Versuch.&lt;br /&gt;Bewaffne die Krieger, versammle die Deinen&lt;br /&gt;Und jetzt auf sie hin, hin auf die Fremden&lt;br /&gt;Eh sie's vermuten, eh sie sich fassen.&lt;br /&gt;Hinaus mit ihnen, hinaus aus deinem Land&lt;br /&gt;Rettend entführe sie ihr schnelles Schiff&lt;br /&gt;Oder der Tod ihnen allen--allen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wähnst du mich zu täuschen, Betrügerin?&lt;br /&gt;Wenn du sie hassest, was warfst du den Becher,&lt;br /&gt;Der mir sie liefern sollte, Jason liefern sollte,&lt;br /&gt;Jason--sich mir ins Antlitz.  Du wendest dich ab?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was liegt dir an meiner Beschämung,&lt;br /&gt;Rat bedarfst du, ich  g e b e  dir Rat.&lt;br /&gt;Noch einmal also, verjag' sie die Fremden&lt;br /&gt;Stoß sie hinaus aus den Marken des Reichs&lt;br /&gt;Der grauende Morgen, der kommende Tag&lt;br /&gt;Sehe sie nicht mehr in Kolchis' Umfang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du machst mich irre an dir, Medea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;War ich es lange nicht, lange nicht selbst?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;So wünschest du daß ich vertreibe die Fremden?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Flehend, knieend bitt' ich dich drum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Alle?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Alle!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Alle?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Frage mich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Nun wohlan denn ich waffne die Freunde!&lt;br /&gt;Du gehst mit!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Seltsame, du!&lt;br /&gt;Sieh ich weiß, nicht den Pfeil nur vom Bogen,&lt;br /&gt;Schleuderst den Speer auch, die mächtige Lanze,&lt;br /&gt;Schwingest das Schwert in kräftiger Hand.&lt;br /&gt;Komm mit, wir verjagen die Feinde!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Nimmermehr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Mich sende zurück&lt;br /&gt;In das Innre des Landes Vater,&lt;br /&gt;Tief, wo nur Wälder und dunkles Geklüft,&lt;br /&gt;Wo kein Aug hindringt, kein Ohr, keine Stimme,&lt;br /&gt;Wo nur die Einsamkeit und ich.&lt;br /&gt;Dort will ich für dich zu den Göttern rufen&lt;br /&gt;Um Beistand für dich, um Kraft, um Sieg.&lt;br /&gt;Beten Vater, doch kämpfen nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn die Feinde verjagt, wenn kein Frevler mehr hier,&lt;br /&gt;Dann komm' ich zurück und bleibe bei dir&lt;br /&gt;Und pflege dein Alter sorglich und treu&lt;br /&gt;Bis der Tod herankommt, der freundliche Gott&lt;br /&gt;Und leise beschwichtigend, den Finger am Mund,&lt;br /&gt;Auf seinem Kissen von Staub und Moos&lt;br /&gt;Die Gedanken schlafen heißt und ruhn die Wünsche.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du willst nicht mit und ich soll dir glauben?&lt;br /&gt;Ungeratene zittre!--Jason?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was fragst du mich wenn du's weißt.&lt;br /&gt;Oder willst du's hören aus meinem Mund&lt;br /&gt;Was ich bis jetzt mir selber verbarg,&lt;br /&gt;Ich mir verbarg?  die Götter mir bargen.&lt;br /&gt;Laß dich nicht stören die flammende Glut,&lt;br /&gt;Die mir, ich fühl' es die Wangen bedeckt,&lt;br /&gt;Du willst es hören und ich sag' es dir.&lt;br /&gt;Ich kann nicht im Trüben ahnen und zagen&lt;br /&gt;Klar muß es sein um Medea, klar!&lt;br /&gt;Man sagt--und ich fühle es ist so!--&lt;br /&gt;Es gibt ein Etwas in des Menschen Wesen,&lt;br /&gt;Das, unabhängig von des Eigners Willen,&lt;br /&gt;Anzieht und abstößt mit blinder Gewalt;&lt;br /&gt;Wie vom Blitz zum Metall, vom Magnet zum Eisen,&lt;br /&gt;Besteht ein Zug, ein geheimnisvoller Zug&lt;br /&gt;Vom Menschen zum Menschen, von Brust zu Brust.&lt;br /&gt;Da ist nicht Reiz, nicht Anmut, nicht Tugend nicht Recht&lt;br /&gt;Was knüpft und losknüpft die zaub'rischen Fäden,&lt;br /&gt;Unsichtbar geht der Neigung Zauberbrücke&lt;br /&gt;So viel sie betraten hat keiner sie gesehn!&lt;br /&gt;Gefallen muß dir was dir gefällt&lt;br /&gt;So weit ist's Zwang, rohe Naturkraft:&lt;br /&gt;Doch steht's nicht bei dir die Neigung zu (rufen)&lt;br /&gt;Der Neigung zu (folgen) steht bei dir,&lt;br /&gt;Da beginnt des Wollens sonniges Reich&lt;br /&gt;Und ich will nicht&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Mit aufgehobener Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea will (nicht)!&lt;br /&gt;Als ich ihn sah, zum erstenmale sah,&lt;br /&gt;Da fühlt' ich stocken das Blut in meinen Adern,&lt;br /&gt;Aus seinem Aug, seiner Hand, seinen Lippen&lt;br /&gt;Gingen sprühende Funken über mich aus&lt;br /&gt;Und flammend loderte auf mein Innres.&lt;br /&gt;Doch verhehlt' ich's mir selbst.  Erst als er's aussprach,&lt;br /&gt;Aussprach in der Wut seines tollen Beginnens,&lt;br /&gt;Daß er liebe--&lt;br /&gt;Schöner Name&lt;br /&gt;Für eine fluchenswerte Sache!--&lt;br /&gt;Da ward mir's klar und (darnach) will ich handeln.&lt;br /&gt;Aber verlange nicht, daß ich ihm begegne,&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich ihn fliehn--Schwach ist der Mensch&lt;br /&gt;Auch der stärkste, schwach!&lt;br /&gt;Wenn ich ihn sehe drehn sich die Sinne&lt;br /&gt;Dumpfes Bangen überschleicht Haupt und Busen&lt;br /&gt;Und ich bin nicht mehr, die ich bin.&lt;br /&gt;Vertreib ihn, verjag' ihn, töt' ihn,&lt;br /&gt;Ja, weicht er nicht, töt' ihn Vater&lt;br /&gt;Den Toten will ich (schaun), wenn auch mit Tränen schaun&lt;br /&gt;Den Lebenden nicht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was beschließest du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (indem er ihre Hand nimmt).&lt;br /&gt;Du bist ein wackres Mädchen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (ihre andre Hand nehmend).&lt;br /&gt;Arme Schwester!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was beschließest du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wohl, du sollst zurück.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Dank!  tausend Dank!  Und nun ans Werk mein Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus wähl' aus den Tapfern des Heers&lt;br /&gt;Und geleite die Schwester nach der Felsenkluft--&lt;br /&gt;Weißt du?--wo wir's aufbewahrten--das goldne Vließ!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Dorthin?  Nein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Warum nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Nimmermehr!&lt;br /&gt;Dorthin, an den Ort unsers Frevels?&lt;br /&gt;Rache strahlet das schimmernde Vließ.&lt;br /&gt;So oft ich's versuch' in die Zukunft zu schauen&lt;br /&gt;Flammt's vor mir wie ein blut'ger Komet,&lt;br /&gt;Droht mir Unheil, findet's mich dort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Törin!  Kein sichrerer Ort im ganzen Lande&lt;br /&gt;Auch bedarf ich dein, zu hüten den Schatz&lt;br /&gt;Mit deinen Künsten, deinen Sprüchen,&lt;br /&gt;Dorthin oder mit mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Es sei, ich gehorche!&lt;br /&gt;Aber einen Weg sende mich, wo kein Feind uns trifft.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Zwei Wege sind.  Einer nah am Lager des Feindes&lt;br /&gt;Der andre rauh und beschwerlich, wenig betreten,&lt;br /&gt;Über die Brücke führt er am Strom, den nimm Absyrtus!&lt;br /&gt;Nun geht!--Hier der Schlüssel zum Falltor&lt;br /&gt;Das zur Kluft führt!  Nimm ihn, Medea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich?  Dem Bruder gib ihn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Nimm ihn, sag' ich und reize mich nicht&lt;br /&gt;Deiner törichten Grillen bin ich satt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Nun wohl ich nehme!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Lebe wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Was?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea wirft sich lautschluchzend in seine Arme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (weicher).&lt;br /&gt;Törichtes Mädchen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er küßt sie.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leb' wohl mein Kind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater auf Wieder- Wiedersehn&lt;br /&gt;Auf baldiges, frohes Wiedersehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Nun ja, auf frohes Wiedersehn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie mit der Hand von sich entfernend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nun geh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (die Augen mit der Hand verhüllend).&lt;br /&gt;Leb' wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ab mit Absyrtus.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Aietes bleibt nach dem Abgehen der Medea einige Augenblicke mit&lt;br /&gt;gesenktem Haupt hinbrütend stehen.  Plötzlich rafft er sich auf&lt;br /&gt;blickt einige Male rasch um sich her und geht schnell ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Eine waldichte Gegend an der Straße, die zum Lager der Argonauten&lt;br /&gt;führt.)&lt;br /&gt;Jason, Milo und Andre Argonauten kommen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Hier laßt uns halten Freunde.  Die Barbaren&lt;br /&gt;Verfolgen uns nicht mehr.  Der Ort hier scheint bequem&lt;br /&gt;Zum Angriff so, wie zur Verteidigung.&lt;br /&gt;Auch ist's der einz'ge Weg, der, seit der Sturm&lt;br /&gt;Die Brücken abgerissen heute Nacht,&lt;br /&gt;Vom Sitze führt des Königs nach dem Innern&lt;br /&gt;Und lagern wir uns hier, so schneiden wir&lt;br /&gt;Ihm jeden Hilfszug ab, den er erwartet.&lt;br /&gt;Geh' einer hin zur Schar der Rückgebliebnen&lt;br /&gt;Und leite sie hierher.  Wir warten ihrer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Erster Argonaut ab.)&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Jason der mit gekreuzten Armen auf und nieder geht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Was überdenkst du Freund?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Gar mancherlei!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Gesteh' ich's dir?  Du hast mich überrascht&lt;br /&gt;Du zeigtest eine Falte deines Innern heut&lt;br /&gt;Die neu mir ist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hätt' ich doch bald gesagt:&lt;br /&gt;Mir auch!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;So liebst du sie denn wirklich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Lieben?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Du sagtest heut es mind'stens laut genug!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Der Augenblick entriß mir's--und gesteh!&lt;br /&gt;Sie rettete mir zweimal nun das Leben.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Wie?  zweimal?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Erst im Turm!--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Das also war's&lt;br /&gt;Was dir den Turm so teuer machte?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Das war's.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ja so.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Nun denk' dir; so vollgült'gen Anspruch&lt;br /&gt;Auf meinen Dank und--Milo sie ist schön--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ja, doch eine Barbarin--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Sie ist gut--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Und eine Zauberin dazu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ein furchtbar Weib mit ihren dunkeln Augen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ein herrlich Weib mit ihren dunkeln Augen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Und was gedenkst du nun zu tun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Zu tun?&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ zu holen, so mein Wort zu lösen,&lt;br /&gt;Das andre aber heimzustellen jenen&lt;br /&gt;Die oben walten über dir und mir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;So mag ich's gern!  Beim Zeus so denkst du recht!&lt;br /&gt;(Ein) Argonaut (kommt).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;Links her vom Fluß sieht man sich Staub erheben,&lt;br /&gt;Ein Häuflein Feinde naht heran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wie viele?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Argonaut.&lt;br /&gt;An vierzig oder fünfzig, kaum wohl mehr.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Laßt uns zurückziehn und am Weg verbergen,&lt;br /&gt;Denn sähn sie uns, sie kämen nicht heran.&lt;br /&gt;Verschwunden ist die Hoffnung zum Vergleich&lt;br /&gt;So mögen denn die Schwerter blutig walten&lt;br /&gt;Und die dort nahn, den Reihen führen an.&lt;br /&gt;Zieht euch zurück, und haltet bis ich's sage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Nur leis und sacht, daß sie uns nicht erspähn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ziehen sich alle zurück und ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Absyrtus und Kolchische Krieger treten auf, Medea verschleiert&lt;br /&gt;in ihrer Mitte.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Die Waffen haltet bereit zum Schlagen,&lt;br /&gt;Leicht könnten wir treffen 'ne Feindesschar,&lt;br /&gt;Der Weg hier führt vorbei an ihrem Lager.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(den Schleier zurückschlagend und vortretend).&lt;br /&gt;Am Feindeslager?  Warum diesen Weg?&lt;br /&gt;Warum nicht den andern, mein Bruder?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Der Sturm hat die Brücken abgerissen heut Nacht;&lt;br /&gt;Jetzt erst erfuhr ich's.  Aber sorge nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Ich verteidige dich mit meinem Blut.&lt;br /&gt;Wärst du nicht hier, ich forderte sie heraus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Um aller Götter willen--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Ich sagte: wärst du nicht hier;&lt;br /&gt;Aber nun, da du hier bist, tu' ich's nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht um den höchsten Preis, nicht um Kampf und Sieg,&lt;br /&gt;Setzt' ich dich in Gefahr, meine Schwester!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;So laß uns eilig vorüberziehn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Kommt denn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(hinter der Szene).&lt;br /&gt;Jetzt ist es Zeit!  Greift an, ihr Freunde!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Hervorspringend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Halt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (aufschreiend).&lt;br /&gt;Er!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Absyrtus.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laß uns fliehen, Bruder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Fliehen?  Fechten!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (zu den andringenden Argonauten).&lt;br /&gt;Wenn sie sich widersetzen, haut sie nieder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu den Kolchern.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zu Boden die Waffen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Du selber zu Boden!&lt;br /&gt;Schließt euch Gefährten!  Haltet sie aus!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Bruder!  Hältst du so dein Versprechen?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Versprach ich zu fliehn so verzeihn mir die Götter,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht daß ich's breche, daß ich's gab das Wort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu den Seinen).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Weicht nicht!  Der Vater ist nah, er sendet uns Hilfe!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (Medeen erblickend).&lt;br /&gt;Bist du's Medea?  Unverhofftes Glück!&lt;br /&gt;Komm hierher!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (zu den Kolchern).&lt;br /&gt;Schützet mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (die sich ihm entgegenstellenden Kolcher angreifend).&lt;br /&gt;Ihr!  aus dem Wege!&lt;br /&gt;Eu'r Eisen hält nicht ab, zieht an den Blitzstrahl.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die Kolcher werden zurückgedrängt, die Griechen verfolgen sie.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Die Deinen fliehn.  Du bist in meiner Macht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du lügst!  In der Götter Macht, in meiner.&lt;br /&gt;Verläßt mich alles, ich selber nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie entreißt einem fliehenden Kolcher die Waffen und dringt mit&lt;br /&gt;vorgehaltenem Schild und gesenktem Speer auf Jason ein.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stirb oder töte!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (indem er schonend zurückweicht).&lt;br /&gt;Medea was tust du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (näher dringend).&lt;br /&gt;Töte oder stirb!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (mit einem Schwertstreich ihre Lanze zertrümmernd).&lt;br /&gt;Genug des Spiels!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Das Schwert in die linke Hand nehmend, in welcher er den Schild&lt;br /&gt;hält.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Was nun?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Treulose Götter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die abgebrochene Lanze samt dem Schild hinwerfend und einen Dolch&lt;br /&gt;ziehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Noch sind mir Waffen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (indem er Schild und Schwert von sich wirft und vor sie hintritt).&lt;br /&gt;Töte mich wenn du kannst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (mit abgewandten Gesicht, den Dolch in der Hand).&lt;br /&gt;Kraft!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (weich).&lt;br /&gt;Töte mich Medea, wenn du kannst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (steht erstarrt).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Siehst du, du kannst's nicht, du vermagst es nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Und nun zu mir!  Genug des Widerstrebens!&lt;br /&gt;Und weigerst du's?  Versuch' es wenn du kannst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie rasch anfassend und auf seinem Arm in die Höhe haltend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So fass' ich dich, so halt' ich dich empor&lt;br /&gt;Und trage dich durch unsrer Völker Streit,&lt;br /&gt;Durch Haß und Tod, durch Kampfes blut'ge Wogen.&lt;br /&gt;Wer wagt's zu wehren?  Wer entreißt dich mir?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht eher bis du gütig sprichst,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht eher bis ein Wort, ein Wink, ein Laut&lt;br /&gt;Verrät daß du mir weichst, daß du dich gibst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu ihr empor blickend und heftig schüttelnd.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea, dieses Zeichen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(leise).&lt;br /&gt;Jason!  laß mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;"Jason!"--Da sprachst du meinen Namen aus,&lt;br /&gt;Zum ersten Male aus!  O holder Klang!&lt;br /&gt;"Jason!" wie ist der Name doch so schön&lt;br /&gt;Seit du ihn sprachst mit deinen süßen Lippen.&lt;br /&gt;Hab' Dank Medea, hab' den besten Dank!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er hat sie auf den Boden niedergelassen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea, Jason; Jason und Medea&lt;br /&gt;O schöner Einklang!  Dünket dir's nicht auch?&lt;br /&gt;Du zitterst!  Setz' dich hier!  Erhole dich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er führt Medeen zu einer Rasenbank.  Sie folgt ihm und sitzt mit&lt;br /&gt;vorhängendem Leibe, die Augen vor sich starr auf dem Boden, die&lt;br /&gt;Hände, in denen noch der Dolch, gefaltet im Schoße.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (steht vor ihr).&lt;br /&gt;Noch immer stumm, noch immer trüb und düster?&lt;br /&gt;O zage nicht; du bist in Freundes Hand.&lt;br /&gt;Zwar geb' ich leicht dem Vater dich nicht wieder,&lt;br /&gt;Ein teures Unterpfand ist mir sein Kind;&lt;br /&gt;Doch soll dir's drum bei mir nicht schlimm ergehn,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht schlimmer wenigstens als mir bei dir.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn ich so vor dir steh' und dich betrachte,&lt;br /&gt;Beschleicht mich ein fast wunderbar Gefühl.&lt;br /&gt;Als hätt' des Lebens Grenz' ich überschritten&lt;br /&gt;Und stünd' auf einem unbekannten Stern,&lt;br /&gt;Wo anders die Gesetze alles Seins und Handelns,&lt;br /&gt;Wo ohne Ursach' was geschieht und ohne Folge,&lt;br /&gt;Da seiend weil es ist.&lt;br /&gt;Dahergekommen durch ein wildes Meer,&lt;br /&gt;Aus Ländern, so entfernt, so abgelegen,&lt;br /&gt;Daß (Wünsche) kaum vorher die Reise wagten,&lt;br /&gt;Auf Kampf und Streit gestellt, lang' ich hier an,&lt;br /&gt;Und sehe dich und bin mit dir bekannt.&lt;br /&gt;Wie eine Heimat fast dünkt mir dies fremde Land,&lt;br /&gt;Und, abenteuerlich ich selbst, schau' ich&lt;br /&gt;Verwundrungslos, als könnt' es so nur sein,&lt;br /&gt;Die Abenteuer dieses Wunderbodens.&lt;br /&gt;Und wieder, ist das Fremde mir bekannt,&lt;br /&gt;So wird dafür mir, was bekannt, ein Fremdes.&lt;br /&gt;Ich selber bin mir (Gegenstand) geworden,&lt;br /&gt;Ein andrer denkt in mir, ein andrer handelt.&lt;br /&gt;Oft sinn' ich meinen eignen Worten nach,&lt;br /&gt;Wie eines Dritten, was damit gemeint,&lt;br /&gt;Und kommt's zur Tat, denk' ich wohl bei mir selber,&lt;br /&gt;Mich soll's doch wundern, was er tun wird und was nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Ein einz'ges ist mir licht und das bist du,&lt;br /&gt;Ja du Medea, scheint's auch noch so fremd.&lt;br /&gt;Ich ein Hellene, du Barbarenbluts,&lt;br /&gt;Ich frei und offen, du voll Zaubertrug,&lt;br /&gt;Ich Kolchis' Feind, du seines Königs Kind&lt;br /&gt;Und doch Medea, ach und dennoch, dennoch!&lt;br /&gt;Es ist ein schöner Glaub' in meinem Land,&lt;br /&gt;Die Götter hätten doppelt einst geschaffen&lt;br /&gt;Ein jeglich Wesen und sodann geteilt;&lt;br /&gt;Da suche jede Hälfte nun die andre&lt;br /&gt;Durch Meer und Land und wenn sie sich gefunden,&lt;br /&gt;Vereinen sie die Seelen, mischen sie&lt;br /&gt;Und sind nun eins!--Fühlst du ein halbes Herz&lt;br /&gt;Ist's schmerzlich dir gespalten in der Brust,&lt;br /&gt;So komm--doch nein da sitzt sie trüb und düster,&lt;br /&gt;Ein rauhes Nein auf meine milde Deutung,&lt;br /&gt;Den Dolch noch immer in geschloßner Hand.&lt;br /&gt;O fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ihre Hand fassend und den Dolch entwendend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laßt los ihr Finger!  Bunte Kränze,&lt;br /&gt;Geschmeid und Blumen ziemt euch zu berühren,&lt;br /&gt;Nicht diesen Stahl, gemacht für Männerhand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (aufspringend).&lt;br /&gt;Fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sie zurückhaltend).&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Von hier!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Bleib da, ich bitte dich!&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir: bleib da!  Hörst du, du sollst!&lt;br /&gt;Du sollst, beim Himmel, gält' es auch dein Leben!&lt;br /&gt;Wagt es das Weib, dem Mann zu bieten Trotz?&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er faßt ihre Arme mit beiden Händen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Laß!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn du gehorchst, sonst nimmermehr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er ringt mit der Widerstrebenden.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mich lüstet deines Starrsinns Maß zu kennen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (in die Kniee sinkend).&lt;br /&gt;Weh mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Siehst du?  du hast es selbst gewollt.&lt;br /&gt;Erkenne deinen Meister, deinen Herrn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea liegt auf einem Kniee am Boden, auf das andre stützt sie den&lt;br /&gt;Arm, das Gesicht mit der Hand bedeckend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (hinzutretend).&lt;br /&gt;Steh auf!--Du bist doch nicht verletzt?--Steh auf!&lt;br /&gt;Hier sitz und ruh', (vermagst) du es zu ruhn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er hebt sie vom Boden auf, sie sitzt auf der Rasenbank.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Umsonst versend' ich alle meine Pfeile&lt;br /&gt;Rückprallend treffen sie die eigne Brust.&lt;br /&gt;Wie hass' ich dieses Land, sein rauher Hauch&lt;br /&gt;Vertrocknete die schönste Himmelsblume,&lt;br /&gt;Die je im Garten blühte der Natur.&lt;br /&gt;Wärst du in Griechenland, da wo das Leben&lt;br /&gt;Im hellen Sonnenglanze heiter spielt,&lt;br /&gt;Wo jedes Auge lächelt wie der Himmel,&lt;br /&gt;Wo jedes Wort ein Freundesgruß, der Blick&lt;br /&gt;Ein wahrer Bote wahren Fühlens ist,&lt;br /&gt;Kein Haß als gegen Trug und Arglist, kein--&lt;br /&gt;Und doch, was sprech ich?  Sieh, ich weiß es wohl&lt;br /&gt;Du bist nicht was du scheinen willst, Medea,&lt;br /&gt;Umsonst verbirgst du dich, ich kenne dich!&lt;br /&gt;Ein wahres, warmes Herz trägst du im Busen,&lt;br /&gt;Die Wolken hier, sie decken eine Sonne.&lt;br /&gt;Als du mich rettetest, als dich mein Kuß--&lt;br /&gt;Erschrickst du?--Sich mich an!--Als dich mein Kuß!--&lt;br /&gt;Ja deine Lippen hat mein Mund berührt,&lt;br /&gt;Eh ich dich kannt', eh ich dich fast gesehn&lt;br /&gt;Nahm ich mir schon der Liebe höchste Gabe;&lt;br /&gt;Da fühlt' ich (Leben) mir entgegen wallen&lt;br /&gt;Und du gibst trügerisch dich nun für (Stein)!&lt;br /&gt;Ein wahres, warmes Herz schlägt dir im Busen&lt;br /&gt;Du (liebst) Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea will aufspringen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sie niederziehend).&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!--du liebst Medea!&lt;br /&gt;Ich seh's am Sturmeswogen deiner Brust&lt;br /&gt;Ich seh's an deiner Wangen Flammenglut&lt;br /&gt;Ich fühl's an deines Atems heißem Wehn,&lt;br /&gt;An diesem Beben fühl' ich es--du liebst,&lt;br /&gt;Liebst (mich)!  (Mich) wie ich (dich)!--ja wie ich (dich)!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er kniet vor ihr.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Schlag deine Augen auf und leugne wenn du's kannst!&lt;br /&gt;Blick' mich an und sag' nein!--du liebst Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Erfaßt ihre beiden Hände und wendet die sich Sträubende gegen sich,&lt;br /&gt;ihr fest ins Gesicht blickend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du weinst!  Umsonst, ich kenne Mitleid nicht&lt;br /&gt;Mir Aug ins Aug, und sage: nein!--du liebst!&lt;br /&gt;Ich liebe dich, du mich!  Sprich's aus Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er hat sie ganz gegen sich gewendet.  Ihr Auge trifft das seinige.&lt;br /&gt;Sie schaut ihm mit einem tiefen Blick ins Auge.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Dein Auge hat's gesagt, nun auch der Mund!&lt;br /&gt;Sprich's aus Medea, sprich es aus: ich liebe!&lt;br /&gt;Fällt dir's so schwer ich will dich's lehren, Kind.&lt;br /&gt;Sprich's nach: ich liebe dich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er zieht sie an sich; sie verbirgt dem Zuge folgend das Gesicht in&lt;br /&gt;seinen Haaren.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--Und noch kein Wort!&lt;br /&gt;Kein Wort, obschon ich sehe, wie der Sturm&lt;br /&gt;An deines Innern festen Säulen rüttelt.&lt;br /&gt;Und doch kein Wort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Aufspringend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So hab' es Störrische!&lt;br /&gt;Geh!  Du bist frei, ich halte dich nicht mehr!&lt;br /&gt;Kehr' wieder zu den Deinigen zurück,&lt;br /&gt;Zu ihren Menschenopfern, Todesmahlen,&lt;br /&gt;In deine Wildnis, Wilde kehr' zurück,&lt;br /&gt;Geh!  Du bist frei; ich halte dich nicht mehr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (von innen).&lt;br /&gt;Hierher, Kolcher, hierher!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Dein Vater naht.&lt;br /&gt;Sei froh, ich weigre dich ihm nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Argonauten (kommen weichend.&lt;br /&gt;Hinter ihnen) Aietes, Absyrtus (und) Kolcher(, die sie verfolgen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (auftretend).&lt;br /&gt;Braucht eure Waffen, wackre Genossen!&lt;br /&gt;Wo ist mein Kind?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Dort Vater sitzt sie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (zu Jason).&lt;br /&gt;Verruchter Räuber, mein Kind gib mir zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn du mich bittest, nicht wenn du mir drohst.&lt;br /&gt;Dort ist dein Kind.  Nimm sie und führ' sie heim.&lt;br /&gt;Nicht weil Du willst, weil sie will und weil ich will.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen hintretend und sie anfassend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Steh auf Medea!  Komm!  Hier ist dein Vater!&lt;br /&gt;Du sehntest dich nach ihm; hier ist er nun.&lt;br /&gt;Verhüten es die Götter, daß ich hier&lt;br /&gt;Zurück dich hielte wider deinen Willen.&lt;br /&gt;Was zitterst du?  du hast es selbst gewollt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er führt die Wankende zu ihrem Vater und gibt sie ihm in die Arme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hier Vater ist dein Kind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (Medeen empfangend, die das Gesicht auf seiner Schulter verbirgt).&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Schwester!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Nun König, rüste dich zum Todeskampf!&lt;br /&gt;Die Bande, die mich hielten sind gesprengt,&lt;br /&gt;Zerronnen ist der schmeichelhafte Wahn,&lt;br /&gt;Der mir der Tatkraft Sehnen abgespannt.&lt;br /&gt;Mit ihr, die jetzo ruht in deinem Arm,&lt;br /&gt;Legt' ich den Frieden ab und atme Krieg.&lt;br /&gt;Auf, rüste dich, es gilt dein Heil und Leben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Du aber, die hier stumm und bebend liegt,&lt;br /&gt;Das Angesicht so feindlich abgewandt,&lt;br /&gt;Leb' wohl!  Wir scheiden jetzt auf immerdar.&lt;br /&gt;Es war ein Augenblick, wo ich gewähnt,&lt;br /&gt;Du könntest fühlen, könntest mehr als hassen,&lt;br /&gt;Wo ich geglaubt, die Götter hätten uns&lt;br /&gt;Gewiesen an einander, dich und mich.&lt;br /&gt;Das ist nunmehr vorbei.  So fahre hin!&lt;br /&gt;Du hast das Leben zweimal mir gerettet,&lt;br /&gt;Das dank' ich dir und werd' es nie vergessen.&lt;br /&gt;In ferner Heimat und nach langen Jahren&lt;br /&gt;Will ich's erzählen in dem Kreis der Freunde.&lt;br /&gt;Und frägt man mich und forscht: wem gilt die Träne,&lt;br /&gt;Die fremd dir da im Männerauge funkelt?&lt;br /&gt;Dann sprech' ich wohl in schmerzlicher Erinnrung:&lt;br /&gt;Medea hieß sie; schön war sie und herrlich,&lt;br /&gt;Allein ihr Busen barg kein Herz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?  Feucht liegt dein Gesicht auf meiner Schulter.&lt;br /&gt;Weinst du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du weinst?  Laß mich die Tränen sehn,&lt;br /&gt;O laß mich's glauben, daß du weinen kannst.&lt;br /&gt;Blick' noch einmal nach mir, es ist das letztemal;&lt;br /&gt;Ich will den Blick mittragen in die Ferne.&lt;br /&gt;Denk' doch, es ist zum letzten- letztenmal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er faßt ihre herabhängende Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Wagst du's, zu berühren ihre Hand?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (indem er ihre Hand fahren läßt).&lt;br /&gt;Sie will nicht.  Nun wohlan, so sei es denn!&lt;br /&gt;Du siehst mich nimmermehr auf dieser Erde.&lt;br /&gt;Leb' wohl Medea, leb' auf ewig wohl!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht rasch.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (das Gesicht hinwendend und den Arm ihm nachstreckend).&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (umkehrend).&lt;br /&gt;Das war's!  Medea!  Komm zu mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf sie zueilend und ihre Hand fassend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zu mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (sie an der andern Hand haltend).&lt;br /&gt;Verwegner, fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (Aietes' Hand wegschleudernd und Medeen an sich reißend).&lt;br /&gt;Wagst du's Barbar!&lt;br /&gt;Sie ist mein Weib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Sein Weib?--Du schweigst Verworfne?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (Medeen auf die andere Seite führend).&lt;br /&gt;Hierher Medea, fort von diesen Wilden.&lt;br /&gt;Von nun an bist du mein und keines Andern!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Medea, du weigerst dich nicht?  du folgst ihm?&lt;br /&gt;Stößt ihm nicht den Stahl in die frevelnde Brust?&lt;br /&gt;Verruchte, war's vielleicht dein eignes Werk?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf Jason eindringend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meine Tochter gib mir, mein verlocktes Kind!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (sich zwischen beide werfend).&lt;br /&gt;Vater, töt' ihn nicht!  Ich lieb' ihn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Er konnte dir's entreißen und ich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Schamlose!  Du selbst gestehst's?  Gestehst deine Schande?&lt;br /&gt;O, daß ich nicht merkte die plumpe List,&lt;br /&gt;Daß ich selbst sie sandte in seinen Arm,&lt;br /&gt;Vertrauend der Väter Blut in ihren Adern!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Darfst du sie schmähen?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Höre mich Vater!&lt;br /&gt;Es ist geschehn was ich fürchtete.  Es ist.&lt;br /&gt;Aber laß uns klar sein, Vater, klar!&lt;br /&gt;In schwarzen Wirbeln dreht sich's um mich&lt;br /&gt;Aber ich will hindurch, empor aus Dunkel und Nacht.&lt;br /&gt;Noch läßt sich's wenden, ab sich wenden.  Höre mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Was soll ich hören?  Ich habe gesehn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!  Vernicht' uns nicht alle.&lt;br /&gt;Löse den Zauber, beschwichtige den Sturm!&lt;br /&gt;Heiß ihn dableiben, den Führer der Fremden,&lt;br /&gt;Nimm ihn auf, nimm ihn an!&lt;br /&gt;An deiner Seite herrsch' er in Kolchis,&lt;br /&gt;Dir befreundet, dein Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Sohn?  Mein Feind.&lt;br /&gt;Tod ihm, und dir, wenn du nicht folgst!&lt;br /&gt;Willst du mit mir?  Sprich!  Willst du oder nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Höre mich.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Willst du, oder nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Gönn' ihr zu sprechen, Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Ja oder nein?&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich Sohn!--Willst du?--Sie kommt nicht.--Schlange!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er holt mit dem Schwert aus.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sich vor sie hinstellend).&lt;br /&gt;Du sollst sie nicht verletzen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (zugleich dem Vater in den Arm fallend).&lt;br /&gt;Vater, was tust du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du hast recht.  Nicht sterben soll sie, leben;&lt;br /&gt;Leben in Schmach und Schande; verstoßen, verflucht,&lt;br /&gt;Ohne Vater, ohne Heimat, ohne Götter!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Du hast mich betrogen, verraten.&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!  Nicht mehr betreten sollst du mein Haus.&lt;br /&gt;Ausgestoßen sollst du sein, wie das Tier der Wildnis,&lt;br /&gt;Sollst in der Fremde sterben, verlassen, allein.&lt;br /&gt;Folg' ihm, dem Buhlen, nach in seine Heimat,&lt;br /&gt;Teile sein Bett, sein Irrsal, seine Schmach;&lt;br /&gt;Leb' im fremden Land, eine Fremde,&lt;br /&gt;Verspottet, verachtet, verhöhnt, verlacht;&lt;br /&gt;Er selbst, für den du hingibst Vater und Vaterland&lt;br /&gt;Wird dich verachten, wird dich verspotten,&lt;br /&gt;Wenn erloschen die Lust, wenn gestillt die Begier;&lt;br /&gt;Dann wirst du stehn und die Hände ringen,&lt;br /&gt;Sie hinüberbreiten nach dem Vaterland,&lt;br /&gt;Getrennt durch weite, brandende Meere,&lt;br /&gt;Deren Wellen dir murmelnd bringen des Vaters Fluch!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (knieend).&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!  Ich kenne dich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Komm, mein Sohn!  Ihr Anblick verpestet,&lt;br /&gt;Ihre Stimme ist Todeslaut meinem Ohr.&lt;br /&gt;Umklammre nicht meine Kniee, Verruchte!&lt;br /&gt;Sieh ihn dort, ihn, den du gewählt;&lt;br /&gt;Ihm übergeb' ich dich;&lt;br /&gt;Er wird mich rächen, er wird dich strafen,&lt;br /&gt;Er selber, früher als du denkst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(indem er die Knieende von sich stößt, daß sie halbliegend&lt;br /&gt;zurücksinkt).&lt;br /&gt;Weg deine Hand, ich kenne dich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Fort mein Sohn, mein einziges Kind!&lt;br /&gt;Fort mein Sohn aus ihrer Nähe!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ab mit Absyrtus und Kolchern.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Flieh nur Barbar, der Rach' entgehst du nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu den Argonauten.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nun Freunde gilt's; die Waffen haltet fertig&lt;br /&gt;Zum letzten Streich, der Sieg bringt oder Tod.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf Medeen zeigend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sie kennt das Vließ, den Ort, der es verbirgt,&lt;br /&gt;Mit ihr vollbringen wir's und dann zu Schiff.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen hintretend, die noch auf eine Hand gestützt, die andre&lt;br /&gt;über die Stirne gelegt am Boden liegt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Steh auf Medea, er ist fort.--Steh auf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er hebt sie auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hier bist du sicher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (die sich in seinen Armen aufgerichtet hat, aber mit einem Kniee&lt;br /&gt;noch am Boden liegt).&lt;br /&gt;Jason, sprach er wahr?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sie ganz aufhebend).&lt;br /&gt;Denk' nicht daran!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (scheu an ihn geschmiegt).&lt;br /&gt;O Jason, sprach er wahr?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Vergiß was du gehört, was du gesehn,&lt;br /&gt;Was du gewesen bist auf diese Stunde.&lt;br /&gt;Aietes' Kind ist Jasons Weib geworden,&lt;br /&gt;An dieser Brust hängt deine Pflicht, dein Recht.&lt;br /&gt;Und wie ich diesen Schleier von dir reiße,&lt;br /&gt;Durchwoben mit der Unterird'schen Zeichen,&lt;br /&gt;So reiß' ich dich von all den Banden los,&lt;br /&gt;Die dich geknüpft an dieses Landes Frevel.&lt;br /&gt;Hier Griechen eine Griechin!  Grüßet sie!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er reißt ihr den Schleier ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (darnach fassend).&lt;br /&gt;Der Götter Schmuck!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Der Unterird'schen!  Fort!&lt;br /&gt;Frei wallt das Haar nun um die offne Stirn;&lt;br /&gt;So frei und offen bist du Jasons Braut.  Nun nur noch eins und dann&lt;br /&gt;zu Schiff und fort.&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ, du kennst's, zeig' an mir, wo es liegt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ha schweig!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Warum?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Sprich nicht davon!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Wort hab' ich gegeben, es zu holen&lt;br /&gt;Und ohne Siegespreis kehrt Jason nicht zurück.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir, sprich nicht davon!&lt;br /&gt;Ein erzürnter Gott hat es gesendet,&lt;br /&gt;Unheil bringt es, (hat) es gebracht!&lt;br /&gt;Ich bin dein Weib!  Du hast mir's entrissen,&lt;br /&gt;Aus der Brust gerissen das zagende Wort,&lt;br /&gt;Ich bin dein, führe mich wohin du willst&lt;br /&gt;Aber kein Wort mehr von jenem Vließ!&lt;br /&gt;In vorahnender Träume dämmerndem Licht&lt;br /&gt;Haben mir's die Götter gezeigt&lt;br /&gt;Gebreitet über Leichen,&lt;br /&gt;Besprützt mit Blut,&lt;br /&gt;Meinem Blut!&lt;br /&gt;Sprich nicht davon!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich aber muß, nicht sprechen nur davon,&lt;br /&gt;Ich muß es holen, folge was da wolle.&lt;br /&gt;Drum laß die Furcht und führ' mich hin zur Stelle&lt;br /&gt;Daß ich vollende, was mir auferlegt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich?  Nimmermehr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du willst nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Nein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Und weigerst du mir Beistand, hol' ich's selbst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;So geh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sich zum Fortgehen wendend.)&lt;br /&gt;Ich gehe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (dumpf).&lt;br /&gt;Geh--in deinen Tod!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Kommt Freunde, laßt den Ort uns selbst erkunden!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (wendet sich um).&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du gehst in deinen Tod!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Kam ich hierher und fürchtete den Tod?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (auf ihn zueilend und seine Hand fassend).&lt;br /&gt;Ich sage dir, du stirbst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Halblaut.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In der Höhle liegt's verwahrt,&lt;br /&gt;Verteidigt von allen Greueln&lt;br /&gt;Der List und der Gewalt.&lt;br /&gt;Labyrinthische Gänge,&lt;br /&gt;Sinnverwirrend,&lt;br /&gt;Abgründe, trügerisch bedeckt,&lt;br /&gt;Dolche unterm Fußtritt,&lt;br /&gt;Tod im Einhauch,&lt;br /&gt;Mord in tausendfacher Gestalt,&lt;br /&gt;Und das Vließ, am Baum hängt's,&lt;br /&gt;Giftbestrichen,&lt;br /&gt;Von der Schlange gehütet,&lt;br /&gt;Die nicht schläft,&lt;br /&gt;Die nicht schont,&lt;br /&gt;Unnahbar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab' mein Wort gegeben und ich lös' es.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du gehst?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich geh'!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(sich ihm in den Weg werfend).&lt;br /&gt;Und wenn ich hin mich werfe&lt;br /&gt;Flehend deine Kniee umfass' und rufe:&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!  bleib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Nichts hält mich ab!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;O Vater, Vater!&lt;br /&gt;Wo bist du?  Nimm mich mit!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Was klagst du?&lt;br /&gt;Wohl eher wär' das Recht zu klagen mir.&lt;br /&gt;Ich tue was ich muß, du hast zu wählen.&lt;br /&gt;Du weigerst dich und so geh' ich allein.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du gehst?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich geh'!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Trotz allem was ich bat,&lt;br /&gt;Doch gehst du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (aufspringend).&lt;br /&gt;So komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wohin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Zum Vließ,&lt;br /&gt;Zum Tod!--Du sollst (allein) nicht sterben,&lt;br /&gt;Ein Haus, Ein Leib und Ein Verderben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (sich ihr nähernd).&lt;br /&gt;Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (ausweichend).&lt;br /&gt;Die Liebkosung laß&lt;br /&gt;Ich habe sie erkannt!--O Vater!  Vater!&lt;br /&gt;So komm, laß uns holen was du suchst;&lt;br /&gt;Reichtum, Ehre,&lt;br /&gt;Fluch, Tod!&lt;br /&gt;In der Höhle liegt's verwahrt&lt;br /&gt;Weh dir, wenn sich's offenbart!&lt;br /&gt;Komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (ihre Hand fassend).&lt;br /&gt;Was quält dich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (indem sie ihre Hand aufschreiend wegzieht).&lt;br /&gt;Ah!--Phryxus!--Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Um aller Götter willen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Komm!  Komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Huscht fort mit weit aufgerissenen Augen vor sich hinstarrend.&lt;br /&gt;Die andern folgen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Der Vorhang fällt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vierter Aufzug&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Das Innere einer Höhle.  Kurzes Theater.  Im Vorgrunde rechts das&lt;br /&gt;Ende einer von oben herabführenden Treppe.  In der Felsenwand des&lt;br /&gt;Hintergrunds ein großes, verschlossenes Tor.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (steigt, in der einen Hand einen Becher in der andern eine Fackel&lt;br /&gt;die Treppe herab).&lt;br /&gt;Komm nur herab!  Wir sind am Ziel!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (oben, noch hinter der Szene).&lt;br /&gt;Hierher das Licht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (die Stiege hinaufleuchtend).&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (mit gezogenem Schwerte auftretend und die Stiege eilig&lt;br /&gt;herabsteigend).&lt;br /&gt;Es strich an mir vorbei!  Halt!  Dort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;An der Pforte steht's den Eingang wehrend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (hinleuchtend).&lt;br /&gt;Sieh, es ist nichts und niemand wehrt dir Eingang,&lt;br /&gt;Wenn du nicht selbst.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie setzt den Becher weg und steckt die Fackel in einen Ring am&lt;br /&gt;Treppengeländer.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du bist so ruhig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Und du bist's nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Als es noch nicht begonnen&lt;br /&gt;Als ich's nur wollte, bebtest du, und nun--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Mir graut, daß du es willst, nicht daß du's tust.&lt;br /&gt;Bei dir ist's umgekehrt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Aug ist feig,&lt;br /&gt;Mein Herz ist mutig.--Rasch ans Werk!--Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Was starrst du ängstlich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Bleicher Schatten, weiche!&lt;br /&gt;Laß frei die Pforte, du hältst mich nicht ab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf die Pforte zugehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich geh' trotz dir, durch dich zum Ziel--nun ist er fort!&lt;br /&gt;Wie öffnet man das Tor?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Schwerthieb an die Platte&lt;br /&gt;Dort in der Mitte öffnet es.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Gut denn!&lt;br /&gt;Du wartest meiner hier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Was noch?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (weich und schmeichelnd).&lt;br /&gt;Geh nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du reizest mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Geh nicht o Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hartnäckige kann nichts dich denn bewegen,&lt;br /&gt;Zu opfern meinem Entschluß deinen Wahn?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Man ehrt den Wahn auch dessen, den man liebt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Genug nunmehr, ich will!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du willst?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Und nichts vermag dagegen all mein Flehn?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Und nichts vermag dagegen all dein Flehn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Und auch mein Tod nichts?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie entreißt ihm durch eine rasche Bewegung das Schwert.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sieh!  dein eignes Schwert&lt;br /&gt;Gekehrt ist's gegen meine Brust.  Ein Schritt noch weiter&lt;br /&gt;Und vor dir liegt Medea kalt und tot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Schwert!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!  Du ziehst's aus meiner Brust!&lt;br /&gt;Kehrst du zurück?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Nein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Und wenn ich mich töte?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Beweinen kann ich dich, rückkehren nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Höchstes für mein Wort und wär's dein Leben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf sie zugehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gib Raum, Weib, und mein Schwert!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (indem sie ihm das Schwert gibt).&lt;br /&gt;So nimm es hin&lt;br /&gt;Aus meiner Hand, du süßer Bräutigam!&lt;br /&gt;Und töte dich und mich!--Ich halte dich nicht mehr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (auf die Pforte zugehend).&lt;br /&gt;Wohlan!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Halt!  Eins noch!  Willst du jetzt schon sterben?&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ, am heiligen Baum&lt;br /&gt;Ein Drache hütet's, grimm,&lt;br /&gt;Unverwundbar seine Schuppenhaut,&lt;br /&gt;Alldurchdringend sein Eisenzahn,&lt;br /&gt;Du besiegst ihn nicht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich ihn, oder er mich.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Grausamer, Unmenschlicher!&lt;br /&gt;Oder er dich!  und du gehst?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wozu die Worte?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Halt!&lt;br /&gt;Den Becher hier nimm!&lt;br /&gt;Vom Honig des Berges&lt;br /&gt;Dem Tau der Nacht,&lt;br /&gt;Und der Milch der Wölfin&lt;br /&gt;Brauset drin gegoren ein Trank.&lt;br /&gt;Setz' ihn hin wenn du eintrittst,&lt;br /&gt;In der Ferne stehend.&lt;br /&gt;Und der Drache wird kommen,&lt;br /&gt;Nahrung suchend,&lt;br /&gt;Zu schlürfen den Trank.&lt;br /&gt;Dann tritt hin zum Baume&lt;br /&gt;Und nimm das Vließ--Nein, nimm's nicht,&lt;br /&gt;Nimm's nicht und bleib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Törin!  Her den Trank!  Gib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er nimmt ihr den Becher aus der Hand.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (um seinen Hals fallend).&lt;br /&gt;Jason!--So küss' ich dich und so, und so, und so!&lt;br /&gt;Geh in dein Grab und laß auch Raum für mich!&lt;br /&gt;Bleib!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich Weib!  Mir schallt ein höhrer Ruf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Gegen die Pforte zugehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Und bärgest du des Tartarus Entsetzen,&lt;br /&gt;Ich steh' dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er haut mit dem Schwerte gegen die Pforte.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tut euch auf, ihr Pforten!--Ah!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die Pforten springen auf und zeigen eine innere schmälere Höhle,&lt;br /&gt;seltsam beleuchtet.  Im Hintergrunde ein Baum.  An ihm hängt&lt;br /&gt;hellglänzend das goldene Vließ.  Um Baum und Vließ windet sich eine&lt;br /&gt;ungeheure Schlange, die beim Aufspringen der Pforte ihr in dem&lt;br /&gt;Laube verborgenes Haupt hervorstreckt und züngelnd vor sich hin&lt;br /&gt;blickt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jason fährt aufschreiend zurück und kommt wieder in den Vorgrund.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (wild lachend).&lt;br /&gt;Bebst du?  Schauert dir das Gebein?&lt;br /&gt;Hast's ja gewollt, warum gehst du nicht?&lt;br /&gt;Starker, Kühner, Gewaltiger!&lt;br /&gt;Nur gegen mich hast du Mut?&lt;br /&gt;Bebst vor der Schlange?  Schlange!&lt;br /&gt;Die mich umwunden, die mich umstrickt,&lt;br /&gt;Die mich verderbt, die mich getötet!&lt;br /&gt;Blick' hin, blick's an das Scheusal&lt;br /&gt;Und geh und stirb!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Haltet aus meine Sinne, haltet aus!&lt;br /&gt;Was bebst du Herz?  Was ist's mehr als sterben?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Sterben?  Sterben?  Es gilt den Tod!&lt;br /&gt;Geh hin mein süßer Bräutigam,&lt;br /&gt;Wie züngelt deine Braut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Von mir weg, Weib, in deiner Raserei!&lt;br /&gt;Mein Geist geht unter in des deinen Wogen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Gegen das Tor zu.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blick' nur nach mir; du findest deinen Mann!&lt;br /&gt;Und wärst du zehnmal scheußlicher, hier bin ich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht drauf los.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hinein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Jason!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hinein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er geht hinein, die Pforten fallen hinter ihm zu.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (schreiend an die nunmehr geschlossene Pforte hinstürzend).&lt;br /&gt;Er geht!  Er stirbt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (von innen).&lt;br /&gt;Wer schloß die Pforte zu?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Mach' auf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Ich kann nicht.--Um aller Götter willen!&lt;br /&gt;Setz' hin die Schale, zaudre nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Du bist verloren wenn du zauderst.&lt;br /&gt;--Jason!--Hörst du mich?--Setz' hin die Schale!--&lt;br /&gt;Er hört mich nicht!--Er ist am Werk!&lt;br /&gt;Am Werk!--Hilfe, Ihr dort oben!&lt;br /&gt;Schaut herab auf uns, ihr Götter!&lt;br /&gt;Doch nein, nein, schaut nicht herab&lt;br /&gt;Auf die schuldige Tochter,&lt;br /&gt;Der Schuldigen Gemahl;&lt;br /&gt;Ich schenk' euch die Hilfe, ihr mir die Rache!&lt;br /&gt;Kein Götteraug seh' es,&lt;br /&gt;Dunkel hülle die Nacht&lt;br /&gt;Unser Tun und uns!&lt;br /&gt;Jason lebst du?--Antwort gib!&lt;br /&gt;Gib Antwort!--Alles stumm&lt;br /&gt;Alles tot!--Ha?--Er ist tot!&lt;br /&gt;Er spricht nicht, ist tot.--tot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie sinkt an der Türe nieder.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Liegst du mein Bräutigam?  Laß Raum,&lt;br /&gt;Raum für die Braut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (inwendig, schreckhaft).&lt;br /&gt;Ah!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (aufspringend).&lt;br /&gt;Das war seiner Stimme Klang!  Er lebt!&lt;br /&gt;Ist in Gefahr!  Zu ihm!  Auf, Pforte, auf!&lt;br /&gt;Wähnst du zu widerstehn?  Ich spotte dein!&lt;br /&gt;Auf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie reißt mit einem Zuge gewaltsam beide Torflügel auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (stürzt wankend heraus, das Vließ als Banner auf einer Lanze&lt;br /&gt;tragend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Lebst du?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Leben?--Leben?--Ja!--Zu!  zu da!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er schließt ängstlich die Pforte zu.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Und hast das Vließ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (es weit von sich weghaltend).&lt;br /&gt;Berühr's nicht!  Feuer!  Feuer!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Seine Rechte mit ausgestreckten Fingern hinhaltend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sieh hier die Hand--wie ich's berührt--verbrannt!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (seine Hand nehmend).&lt;br /&gt;Das ist ja Blut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Blut?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Auch am Haupte Blut.&lt;br /&gt;Hast dich verletzt?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Weiß ich's?--Nun komm!  Nun komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Hast du's vollführt, wie ich's gesagt?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja wohl.&lt;br /&gt;Die Schale stellt' ich hin, mich selber seitwärts&lt;br /&gt;Und harrte schnaufend.  Rufen hört' ich, doch&lt;br /&gt;Nicht zu erwidern wagt' ich vor dem Tier.&lt;br /&gt;Das hob sich blinkend auf und, und schon wähnt' ich&lt;br /&gt;Auf mich hin schieb' es rauschend seine Ringe;&lt;br /&gt;Allein der Trank war's, den das Untier suchte,&lt;br /&gt;Und weit gestreckt in durstig langen Zügen&lt;br /&gt;Sog, meiner nicht mehr achtend, es den Trank.&lt;br /&gt;Bald, trunken oder tot lag's unbeweglich.&lt;br /&gt;Ich rasch hervor vom marternden Versteck,&lt;br /&gt;Zum Baum hin und das Vließ--hier ist's--Nun fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;So komm, und schnell!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Als ich's vom Baume holte,&lt;br /&gt;Da rauscht' es auf, wie seufzend, durch die Blätter&lt;br /&gt;Und hinter mir riefs: Wehe!&lt;br /&gt;Ha?--Wer ruft?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Du selbst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Wohin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Fort!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Fort, ja fort!&lt;br /&gt;Geh du voran, ich folge mit dem Vließ&lt;br /&gt;Geh nur!  Geh, zaudre nicht!  Voraus!  Voran!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Beide ab, die Treppe hinauf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Freier Platz vor der Höhle.  Im Hintergrunde die Aussicht aufs&lt;br /&gt;Meer, die auf der rechten Seite durch einen am Ufer liegenden Hügel&lt;br /&gt;verdeckt wird, hinter dem, nur mit den Masten und dem Vorderteile&lt;br /&gt;sichtbar, das Schiff der Argonauten liegt.)&lt;br /&gt;Milo, Argonauten, (teils mit Arbeiten des Einschiffens beschäftigt,&lt;br /&gt;teils als Wachen und ruhend gruppiert.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Das Schiff ist hergezogen.  Gut.  Doch hört!&lt;br /&gt;Nicht Anker ausgeworfen!  Hört ihr?  (Nicht)!&lt;br /&gt;Der Augenblick kann uns die Abfahrt bringen&lt;br /&gt;Und ob's zum lichten Zeit dann, weiß ich nicht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf und ab gehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Er kommt noch immer nicht.  Daß er ihr traute!&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab' ihn wohl gewarnt.  Doch hört er Warnung?&lt;br /&gt;Sonst ja, daheim, da horcht' er meiner Rede&lt;br /&gt;Und tat auch was ihm riet mein treuer Mund&lt;br /&gt;So folgsam, so ein Kind, und doch ein Mann.&lt;br /&gt;Doch hier ist er verwandelt ganz und gar&lt;br /&gt;Verwandelt gleich--uns allen, sagt' ich schier,&lt;br /&gt;Vom gift'gen Anhauch dieses Zauberbodens.&lt;br /&gt;O dieses Weib!  Mir graut denk' ich an sie.&lt;br /&gt;Wie sie so dastand mit den dunkeln Brauen&lt;br /&gt;Gleich Wetterwolken an der finstern Stirn,&lt;br /&gt;Das Augenlid gesenkt, im düstern Sinnen:&lt;br /&gt;Nun hob sich's und wie Wetterleuchten fuhr&lt;br /&gt;Der Blick hervor und faßt' und schlug und traf.--&lt;br /&gt;Ihn traf er!--Nu die Götter mögen's wenden.  Was bringen dort die&lt;br /&gt;Beiden.  Griechen sind's.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Weib!  Gebunden!  Memmen ihr!--Holla!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zwei Griechen (treten auf,)&lt;br /&gt;Gora (mit gebundenen Händen in ihrer Mitte.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Was ist?  Was bindet ihr das Weib!--Gleich löst sie!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soldat.&lt;br /&gt;Das Weib da kam an unsre Vorwacht, Herr&lt;br /&gt;Und fragte nach--nu nach der Kolcherin&lt;br /&gt;Die heut wir fingen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Kolcherin?&lt;br /&gt;Ha Sklav', Medea ist's,&lt;br /&gt;Des Kolcherfürsten Tochter.&lt;br /&gt;Wo habt ihr sie?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soldat.&lt;br /&gt;Wir wollten sie nicht lassen, daß sie nicht&lt;br /&gt;Dem Feinde Kundschaft gäb' von unsrer Lagrung&lt;br /&gt;Allein sie wehrt' es und fast männlich, Herr.&lt;br /&gt;Da banden wir sie, weil sie sich nicht fügte,&lt;br /&gt;Und bringen sie euch her!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Löst ihre Bande!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Es geschieht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Wo ist Medea?  Wo ist mein Kind?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Dein Kind?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;Ich hab' sie gesäugt gepflegt.&lt;br /&gt;Als eine Mutter mein Kind.  Wo habt ihr sie?&lt;br /&gt;Sie sagen: freien Willens sei sie geblieben&lt;br /&gt;Bei euch in eures Lagers Umfang;&lt;br /&gt;Aber 's ist Lüge, ich kenne Medea&lt;br /&gt;Ich kenne mein Kind.&lt;br /&gt;Gefangen haltet ihr sie zurück.&lt;br /&gt;Gebt sie heraus!  Wo ist sie?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Ganz gut kommst als Genossin du für sie&lt;br /&gt;Leicht fände sie sich einsam unter Menschen.&lt;br /&gt;Bringt sie ins Schiff!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora.&lt;br /&gt;So weilt sie dort?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Geh nur!&lt;br /&gt;Zu bald wirst du sie noch erblicken!--Geh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gora (die abgeführt wird).&lt;br /&gt;Ins Meer, nicht in das Schiff, wenn ihr mich täuscht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ab.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(ihr nachschauend).&lt;br /&gt;Ha!  bringen wir die wilden Tiere alle&lt;br /&gt;Nach Griechenland, ich sorge, man erdrückt uns,&lt;br /&gt;Die Seltenheit zu sehn!--Und Er kommt nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Man hört dumpfe Schläge unter der Erde.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Was ist das?--Horch!--Speit auch der Boden Wunder?&lt;br /&gt;Versucht's der Feind?--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Gegen die Krieger, das Schwert ziehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Holla!  zur Hand!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Die Krieger greifen nach ihren Waffen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Die Erde hebt sich!--Was geschieht noch alles?&lt;br /&gt;(Eine Falltüre öffnet sich am Boden.) Medea (steigt herauf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Hier ist der Tag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Nachdem sie ganz heroben ist.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Und hier die Deinen.&lt;br /&gt;Ich hielt was ich versprach.&lt;br /&gt;Jason (mit dem Vließ-Banner steigt auch herauf.&lt;br /&gt;Medea läßt die Falltüre nieder.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(auf ihn zueilend und seine Hand nehmend).&lt;br /&gt;Du bist es Jason!&lt;br /&gt;Du!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (der mit gebeugtem Kopf dagestanden, emporblickend).&lt;br /&gt;Jason!--Wo?--Ja so!  Ja, ja!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ihm die linke Hand reichend.  In der rechten hält er das Banner.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Freund Milo!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (im Vortreten).&lt;br /&gt;Und mit dem Vließ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (schreckhaft sich umsehend).&lt;br /&gt;Ha!--Mit dem Vließ!--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Es hinhaltend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hier ist's!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sich noch einmal umsehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ein widerlicher Mantel dort, der graue&lt;br /&gt;Und drein gehüllt der Mann bis an die Zähne.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf ihn zugehend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Borg' mir den Mantel, Freund!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Der Soldat gibt den Mantel.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ich kenne dich&lt;br /&gt;Du bist Archytas aus Korinth.  Ja, ja&lt;br /&gt;Ein lust'ger Kauz, ein (Geist) mit Fleisch und Blut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Ihn an der Schulter anfassend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mit Fleisch und Blut!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Widerlich lachend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ha!  ha!--Ich dank' dir Freund!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Wie sonderbar--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(den Mantel um das Vließ hüllend).&lt;br /&gt;Wir wollen das verhüllen,&lt;br /&gt;So--und hier aufbewahren bis wir's brauchen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er legt das Vließ hinter ein Felsenstück, auf das sich Medea&lt;br /&gt;sinnend gesetzt hat.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Was sinnest du Medea, sinnest jetzt?&lt;br /&gt;Laß uns die Überlegung aufbewahren&lt;br /&gt;Als Zeitvertreib auf langer Überfahrt.&lt;br /&gt;Komm her mein Weib, mir angetraut&lt;br /&gt;Bei Schlangenzischen unterm Todestor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (sich zu Medea wendend).&lt;br /&gt;Das Schiff dort birgt, was dir willkommen wohl.&lt;br /&gt;Ein Weib, Medeens Pflegerin sich nennend&lt;br /&gt;Ward eingebracht--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Gora.--Zu ihr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (rauh).&lt;br /&gt;Bleib da!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Medea erschrocken die Hände auf Brust und Stirn legend, bleibt&lt;br /&gt;stehen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (milder).&lt;br /&gt;Ich bitte dich bleib da!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Indem er sie zurückführt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Geh nicht Medea!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie wirft einen scheuen Blick auf ihn.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entwöhne dich vom Umgang jener Wilden&lt;br /&gt;Dafür an unseren gewöhne dich!&lt;br /&gt;Wir sind jetzt Eins, wir müssen einig denken.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Kommt jetzt zu Schiff!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ja, ja!  Komm mit Medea!&lt;br /&gt;Wie lau die Feinde sind!  Ich hätte Lust&lt;br /&gt;Zu fechten, fechten.  Doch sie schlafen scheint es!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(hinter der Szene).&lt;br /&gt;Hierher!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo.&lt;br /&gt;Sie schlafen nicht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;So besser!  Schließt euch!&lt;br /&gt;Zieht gegen unser Fahrzeug euch zurück.&lt;br /&gt;Wir wollen unser Angedenken ihnen&lt;br /&gt;Zum Abschied noch erneun auf immerdar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er rafft das verhüllte Vließ auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea, in den Kreis und zittre nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (tritt mit) Kolchern (auf.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Hier ist sie!  Komm zu mir!  Medea!  Schwester!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (die bei seinem Eintritt ihm unwillkürlich einige&lt;br /&gt;Schritte entgegen gegangen ist, jetzt stehen bleibend).&lt;br /&gt;Wohl deine Schwester, doch Medea nicht!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Was weilst du dort?  Tritt wieder her zu uns!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (mitleidig zu ihr tretend).&lt;br /&gt;So wär' es wahr denn, was sie alle sagen&lt;br /&gt;Und ich nicht glauben konnte bis auf jetzt.&lt;br /&gt;Du wolltest ziehen mit den fremden Männern?&lt;br /&gt;Verlassen unsre Heimat, unsern Herd&lt;br /&gt;Den Vater und mich Medea&lt;br /&gt;Mich, der dich so liebt, du arme Schwester!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (an seinen Hals stürzend).&lt;br /&gt;O Bruder!  Bruder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Mit tränenerstickter Stimme.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O mein Bruder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Nein es ist nicht wahr!--Du weinst!&lt;br /&gt;Ich muß auch weinen.  Doch was tut's?&lt;br /&gt;Ich schäme mich der Tränen nicht Genossen&lt;br /&gt;Im  K a m p f  will ich zeigen, was ich wert.&lt;br /&gt;Weine nicht Schwester, komm mit mir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (an seinem Halse, kaum vernehmlich).&lt;br /&gt;O könnt' ich gehn mit dir!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (hinzutretend).&lt;br /&gt;Du willst mit ihm?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (furchtsam).&lt;br /&gt;Ich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du sagtest's!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Sagt' ich etwas Bruder?&lt;br /&gt;Nein, ich sagte nichts!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Wohl sagtest du's, und komm, o komm,&lt;br /&gt;Ich führe dich zum Vater, er verzeiht!&lt;br /&gt;Schon hat ihn mein Flehen halb erweicht;&lt;br /&gt;Gewiß verzeiht er, noch ist nichts geschehn,&lt;br /&gt;Die Fremden, sie fanden's noch nicht das Vließ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (sich entsetzt aus seinen Armen losreißend).&lt;br /&gt;Nicht?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Schaudernd.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sie haben's!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (indem er die Hülle von dem Vließ reißt und es&lt;br /&gt;hochgeschwungen vorzeigt).&lt;br /&gt;Hier!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Medeen.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So hast du uns denn doch verraten&lt;br /&gt;Geh hin in Unheil denn und in Verderben!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Jason.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Behalt sie, doch das Vließ gib mir heraus!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Du schwärmst mein junger Fant!  Mach' dich von hinnen,&lt;br /&gt;Und sag' dem Vater was du hier gesehn.&lt;br /&gt;Nehm' ich die Tochter, schenk' ich ihm den Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich will dein Blut nicht.  Schweig und geh!&lt;br /&gt;Mit Drachen ist mein Arm gewohnt zu kämpfen,&lt;br /&gt;Mit Toren nicht wie Du: Geh sag' ich geh!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (eindringend).&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (ausweichend).&lt;br /&gt;Mir zu begegnen ist gefährlich,&lt;br /&gt;Denn ich bin grimmig wie der grimme Leu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;So hab's!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er haut, über die linke Schulter ausholend mit einem grimmigen&lt;br /&gt;Seitenhieb auf Absyrtus, daß Helm, Schild und Schwert ihm rasselnd&lt;br /&gt;entfallen, er selbst aber, obschon unverwundet, taumelnd&lt;br /&gt;niederstürzt.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(bei dem Fallenden auf die Kniee stürzend und sein Haupt in ihrem&lt;br /&gt;Schoß verbergend).&lt;br /&gt;Halt ein!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich töt' ihn nicht!&lt;br /&gt;Allein gehorchen muß er, (muß--gehorchen)!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (Absyrtus aufrichtend).&lt;br /&gt;Steh auf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er ist aufgestanden und lehnt sich betäubt an ihre Brust.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Bist du verletzt?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (matt).&lt;br /&gt;Es schmerzt!--Die Stirn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (ihre Lippen auf seine Stirne pressend).&lt;br /&gt;Mein Bruder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(der früher spähend abgegangen ist, kommt jetzt eilig zurück).&lt;br /&gt;Auf!  Die Feinde nahen!  Auf!&lt;br /&gt;In großer Zahl, der König an der Spitze!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea (ihren Bruder fester an sich drückend).&lt;br /&gt;Mein Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (matt).&lt;br /&gt;Unser Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (zu den Beiden).&lt;br /&gt;Ihr, zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Milo (auf Absyrtus zeigend).&lt;br /&gt;Der Sohn sei Geisel gegen seinen Vater&lt;br /&gt;Bringt ihn dort auf die Höh' zum Schiff hinauf!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (matt die ihn Anfassenden abwehren wollend).&lt;br /&gt;Berührt ihr mich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;O laß uns gehn, mein Bruder!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie werden auf die Höhe gebracht.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Hinan, ins Schiff und spannt die Segel auf.&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (kommt mit bewaffneten) Kolchern.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (hereinstürzend).&lt;br /&gt;Haltet ein!  Meine Kinder!  Mein Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (oben am Hügel sich loszumachen strebend).&lt;br /&gt;Mein Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason (den Hügel hinauf rufend).&lt;br /&gt;Haltet ihn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Zu Aietes.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Er bleibt bei mir,&lt;br /&gt;Folgt mir zu Schiff, als Geisel wider dich.&lt;br /&gt;Wenn nur ein Kahn, ein Nachen uns verfolgt&lt;br /&gt;So stürzt dein Sohn hinab ins Wellengrab!&lt;br /&gt;Erst wenn erreicht ist Kolchis' letzte Spitze,&lt;br /&gt;Setz' ich ihn aus und send' ihn her zu dir.&lt;br /&gt;Barbar, du lehrtest mich, dich zu bekämpfen!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Sohn, stehst du in den Armen der Verworfnen?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (fruchtlos sich loszuwinden strebend).&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Bruder!--Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Haltet ihn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Komm, Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Umsonst!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;So komm' ich, Sohn, zu dir!&lt;br /&gt;Mir nach ihr Kolcher, folget eurem König!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (vordrängend).&lt;br /&gt;Glaubst du, du schreckest mich?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Zurück!&lt;br /&gt;Du rettest nicht den Sohn, als wenn du weichst.&lt;br /&gt;Kein Haar wird ihm gekrümmt, ich schwör' es dir!&lt;br /&gt;Bringt ihn an Bord!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (ringend).&lt;br /&gt;Mich?  Nimmermehr!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Fall sie an, befrei' den Sohn, o Vater!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Kann ich's?  sie töten dich, wenn ich's tue!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus.&lt;br /&gt;Lieber frei sterben, als leben gefangen&lt;br /&gt;Fall' ich auch, wenn nur sie fallen mit!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;An Bord mit ihm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Sohn komm!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Absyrtus (der sich losgerissen hat).&lt;br /&gt;Ich komme Vater!&lt;br /&gt;Frei bis zum Tod!  Im Tode räche mich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Er springt von der Klippe ins Meer.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medea.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Bruder!  Nimm mich mit!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sie wird zurückgehalten und sinkt nieder.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Er stirbt!&lt;br /&gt;Die hohen Götter ruf' ich an zu Zeugen&lt;br /&gt;Daß  d u  ihn hast getötet und nicht ich!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mein Sohn!--Nun Rache!  Rache!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Auf Jason eindringend.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stirb!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Laß mich!&lt;br /&gt;Soll ich dich töten?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Mörder stirb!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Ich Mörder?&lt;br /&gt;Mörder du selber!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Das Vließ einem Nebenstehenden entreißend, dem er es früher zu&lt;br /&gt;halten gegeben.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kennst du dies?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (schreiend zurücktaumelnd).&lt;br /&gt;Das Vließ!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(es ihm vorhaltend).&lt;br /&gt;Kennst du's?&lt;br /&gt;Und kennst du auch das Blut, das daran klebt?&lt;br /&gt;'s ist Phryxus' Blut!--Dort deines Sohnes Blut!&lt;br /&gt;Du Phryxus' Mörder, Mörder deines Sohns!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes.&lt;br /&gt;Verschling mich Erde!  Gräber tut euch auf.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Stürzt zur Erde.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason.&lt;br /&gt;Zu spät, sie decken deinen Frevel nicht.&lt;br /&gt;Als Werkzeug einer höheren Gewalt&lt;br /&gt;Steh' ich vor dir.  Nicht zittre für dein Leben,&lt;br /&gt;Ich will nicht deinen Tod; ja stirb erst spät,&lt;br /&gt;Damit noch fernen Enkeln kund es werde,&lt;br /&gt;Daß sich der Frevel rächt auf dieser Erde.&lt;br /&gt;Nun rasch zu Schiff, die Segel spannet auf&lt;br /&gt;Zurück ins Vaterland!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aietes (an der Erde).&lt;br /&gt;Weh mir weh&lt;br /&gt;Legt mich ins Grab zu meinem Sohn!&lt;br /&gt;(Indem die Kolcher sich um den König gruppieren und Jason mit den&lt;br /&gt;Argonauten das Schiff besteigt fällt der Vorhang.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ende dieses Projekt Gutenberg Etextes Die Argonauten,&lt;br /&gt;von Franz Grillparzer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Die Argonauten, by Franz Grillparzer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIE ARGONAUTEN ***&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This file should be named 8argo10.txt or 8argo10.zip&lt;br /&gt;Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8argo11.txt&lt;br /&gt;VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8argo10a.txt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Produced by Delphine Lettau and Mike Pullen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed&lt;br /&gt;editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US&lt;br /&gt;unless a copyright notice is included.  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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37344081-3829303636508637255?l=jacks-thoughts.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jacks-thoughts.blogspot.com/feeds/3829303636508637255/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37344081&amp;postID=3829303636508637255' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37344081/posts/default/3829303636508637255'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37344081/posts/default/3829303636508637255'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jacks-thoughts.blogspot.com/2006/11/franz-grillparzer-die-argonauten.html' title='Franz Grillparzer: Die Argonauten'/><author><name>Jack</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08056440443347299770</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37344081.post-8533193511673982272</id><published>2006-11-08T05:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-11-08T05:05:22.580-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Freud:  Dream Psychology</title><content type='html'>&lt;pre&gt;The Project Gutenberg EBook of Dream Psychology, by Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with&lt;br /&gt;almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or&lt;br /&gt;re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included&lt;br /&gt;with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Title: Dream Psychology&lt;br /&gt;      Psychoanalysis for Beginners&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Author: Sigmund Freud&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Release Date: March 28, 2005 [EBook #15489]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Language: English&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DREAM PSYCHOLOGY ***&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Produced by David Newman, Joel Schlosberg and the Online Distributed&lt;br /&gt;Proofreading Team.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DREAM PSYCHOLOGY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_PSYCHOANALYSIS FOR BEGINNERS_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BY&lt;br /&gt;PROF. DR. SIGMUND FREUD&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AUTHORIZED ENGLISH TRANSLATION&lt;br /&gt;BY&lt;br /&gt;M.D. EDER&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY&lt;br /&gt;ANDRÉ TRIDON&lt;br /&gt;Author of "Psychoanalysis, its History, Theory and Practice."&lt;br /&gt;"Psychoanalysis and Behavior" and "Psychoanalysis, Sleep and Dreams"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NEW YORK&lt;br /&gt;THE JAMES A. McCANN COMPANY&lt;br /&gt;1920&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE JAMES A. McCANN COMPANY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The medical profession is justly conservative. Human life should not be&lt;br /&gt;considered as the proper material for wild experiments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conservatism, however, is too often a welcome excuse for lazy minds,&lt;br /&gt;loath to adapt themselves to fast changing conditions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remember the scornful reception which first was accorded to Freud's&lt;br /&gt;discoveries in the domain of the unconscious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When after years of patient observations, he finally decided to appear&lt;br /&gt;before medical bodies to tell them modestly of some facts which always&lt;br /&gt;recurred in his dream and his patients' dreams, he was first laughed at&lt;br /&gt;and then avoided as a crank.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The words "dream interpretation" were and still are indeed fraught with&lt;br /&gt;unpleasant, unscientific associations. They remind one of all sorts of&lt;br /&gt;childish, superstitious notions, which make up the thread and woof of&lt;br /&gt;dream books, read by none but the ignorant and the primitive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wealth of detail, the infinite care never to let anything pass&lt;br /&gt;unexplained, with which he presented to the public the result of his&lt;br /&gt;investigations, are impressing more and more serious-minded scientists,&lt;br /&gt;but the examination of his evidential data demands arduous work and&lt;br /&gt;presupposes an absolutely open mind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is why we still encounter men, totally unfamiliar with Freud's&lt;br /&gt;writings, men who were not even interested enough in the subject to&lt;br /&gt;attempt an interpretation of their dreams or their patients' dreams,&lt;br /&gt;deriding Freud's theories and combatting them with the help of&lt;br /&gt;statements which he never made.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of them, like Professor Boris Sidis, reach at times conclusions&lt;br /&gt;which are strangely similar to Freud's, but in their ignorance of&lt;br /&gt;psychoanalytic literature, they fail to credit Freud for observations&lt;br /&gt;antedating theirs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Besides those who sneer at dream study, because they have never looked&lt;br /&gt;into the subject, there are those who do not dare to face the facts&lt;br /&gt;revealed by dream study. Dreams tell us many an unpleasant biological&lt;br /&gt;truth about ourselves and only very free minds can thrive on such a&lt;br /&gt;diet. Self-deception is a plant which withers fast in the pellucid&lt;br /&gt;atmosphere of dream investigation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The weakling and the neurotic attached to his neurosis are not anxious&lt;br /&gt;to turn such a powerful searchlight upon the dark corners of their&lt;br /&gt;psychology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Freud's theories are anything but theoretical.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He was moved by the fact that there always seemed to be a close&lt;br /&gt;connection between his patients' dreams and their mental abnormalities,&lt;br /&gt;to collect thousands of dreams and to compare them with the case&lt;br /&gt;histories in his possession.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He did not start out with a preconceived bias, hoping to find evidence&lt;br /&gt;which might support his views. He looked at facts a thousand times&lt;br /&gt;"until they began to tell him something."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His attitude toward dream study was, in other words, that of a&lt;br /&gt;statistician who does not know, and has no means of foreseeing, what&lt;br /&gt;conclusions will be forced on him by the information he is gathering,&lt;br /&gt;but who is fully prepared to accept those unavoidable conclusions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This was indeed a novel way in psychology. Psychologists had always been&lt;br /&gt;wont to build, in what Bleuler calls "autistic ways," that is through&lt;br /&gt;methods in no wise supported by evidence, some attractive hypothesis,&lt;br /&gt;which sprung from their brain, like Minerva from Jove's brain, fully&lt;br /&gt;armed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After which, they would stretch upon that unyielding frame the hide of a&lt;br /&gt;reality which they had previously killed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is only to minds suffering from the same distortions, to minds also&lt;br /&gt;autistically inclined, that those empty, artificial structures appear&lt;br /&gt;acceptable molds for philosophic thinking.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pragmatic view that "truth is what works" had not been as yet&lt;br /&gt;expressed when Freud published his revolutionary views on the psychology&lt;br /&gt;of dreams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Five facts of first magnitude were made obvious to the world by his&lt;br /&gt;interpretation of dreams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First of all, Freud pointed out a constant connection between some part&lt;br /&gt;of every dream and some detail of the dreamer's life during the previous&lt;br /&gt;waking state. This positively establishes a relation between sleeping&lt;br /&gt;states and waking states and disposes of the widely prevalent view that&lt;br /&gt;dreams are purely nonsensical phenomena coming from nowhere and leading&lt;br /&gt;nowhere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, Freud, after studying the dreamer's life and modes of thought,&lt;br /&gt;after noting down all his mannerisms and the apparently insignificant&lt;br /&gt;details of his conduct which reveal his secret thoughts, came to the&lt;br /&gt;conclusion that there was in every dream the attempted or successful&lt;br /&gt;gratification of some wish, conscious or unconscious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thirdly, he proved that many of our dream visions are symbolical, which&lt;br /&gt;causes us to consider them as absurd and unintelligible; the&lt;br /&gt;universality of those symbols, however, makes them very transparent to&lt;br /&gt;the trained observer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fourthly, Freud showed that sexual desires play an enormous part in our&lt;br /&gt;unconscious, a part which puritanical hypocrisy has always tried to&lt;br /&gt;minimize, if not to ignore entirely.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, Freud established a direct connection between dreams and&lt;br /&gt;insanity, between the symbolic visions of our sleep and the symbolic&lt;br /&gt;actions of the mentally deranged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There were, of course, many other observations which Freud made while&lt;br /&gt;dissecting the dreams of his patients, but not all of them present as&lt;br /&gt;much interest as the foregoing nor were they as revolutionary or likely&lt;br /&gt;to wield as much influence on modern psychiatry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other explorers have struck the path blazed by Freud and leading into&lt;br /&gt;man's unconscious. Jung of Zurich, Adler of Vienna and Kempf of&lt;br /&gt;Washington, D.C., have made to the study of the unconscious,&lt;br /&gt;contributions which have brought that study into fields which Freud&lt;br /&gt;himself never dreamt of invading.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One fact which cannot be too emphatically stated, however, is that but&lt;br /&gt;for Freud's wishfulfillment theory of dreams, neither Jung's "energic&lt;br /&gt;theory," nor Adler's theory of "organ inferiority and compensation,"&lt;br /&gt;nor Kempf's "dynamic mechanism" might have been formulated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Freud is the father of modern abnormal psychology and he established the&lt;br /&gt;psychoanalytical point of view. No one who is not well grounded in&lt;br /&gt;Freudian lore can hope to achieve any work of value in the field of&lt;br /&gt;psychoanalysis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, let no one repeat the absurd assertion that Freudism&lt;br /&gt;is a sort of religion bounded with dogmas and requiring an act of faith.&lt;br /&gt;Freudism as such was merely a stage in the development of&lt;br /&gt;psychoanalysis, a stage out of which all but a few bigoted camp&lt;br /&gt;followers, totally lacking in originality, have evolved. Thousands of&lt;br /&gt;stones have been added to the structure erected by the Viennese&lt;br /&gt;physician and many more will be added in the course of time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the new additions to that structure would collapse like a house of&lt;br /&gt;cards but for the original foundations which are as indestructible as&lt;br /&gt;Harvey's statement as to the circulation of the blood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Regardless of whatever additions or changes have been made to the&lt;br /&gt;original structure, the analytic point of view remains unchanged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That point of view is not only revolutionising all the methods of&lt;br /&gt;diagnosis and treatment of mental derangements, but compelling the&lt;br /&gt;intelligent, up-to-date physician to revise entirely his attitude to&lt;br /&gt;almost every kind of disease.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The insane are no longer absurd and pitiable people, to be herded in&lt;br /&gt;asylums till nature either cures them or relieves them, through death,&lt;br /&gt;of their misery. The insane who have not been made so by actual injury&lt;br /&gt;to their brain or nervous system, are the victims of unconscious forces&lt;br /&gt;which cause them to do abnormally things which they might be helped to&lt;br /&gt;do normally.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Insight into one's psychology is replacing victoriously sedatives and&lt;br /&gt;rest cures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Physicians dealing with "purely" physical cases have begun to take into&lt;br /&gt;serious consideration the "mental" factors which have predisposed a&lt;br /&gt;patient to certain ailments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Freud's views have also made a revision of all ethical and social values&lt;br /&gt;unavoidable and have thrown an unexpected flood of light upon literary&lt;br /&gt;and artistic accomplishment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the Freudian point of view, or more broadly speaking, the&lt;br /&gt;psychoanalytic point of view, shall ever remain a puzzle to those who,&lt;br /&gt;from laziness or indifference, refuse to survey with the great Viennese&lt;br /&gt;the field over which he carefully groped his way. We shall never be&lt;br /&gt;convinced until we repeat under his guidance all his laboratory&lt;br /&gt;experiments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We must follow him through the thickets of the unconscious, through the&lt;br /&gt;land which had never been charted because academic philosophers,&lt;br /&gt;following the line of least effort, had decided _a priori_ that it could&lt;br /&gt;not be charted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ancient geographers, when exhausting their store of information about&lt;br /&gt;distant lands, yielded to an unscientific craving for romance and,&lt;br /&gt;without any evidence to support their day dreams, filled the blank&lt;br /&gt;spaces left on their maps by unexplored tracts with amusing inserts such&lt;br /&gt;as "Here there are lions."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thanks to Freud's interpretation of dreams the "royal road" into the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious is now open to all explorers. They shall not find lions,&lt;br /&gt;they shall find man himself, and the record of all his life and of his&lt;br /&gt;struggle with reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And it is only after seeing man as his unconscious, revealed by his&lt;br /&gt;dreams, presents him to us that we shall understand him fully. For as&lt;br /&gt;Freud said to Putnam: "We are what we are because we have been what we&lt;br /&gt;have been."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not a few serious-minded students, however, have been discouraged from&lt;br /&gt;attempting a study of Freud's dream psychology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The book in which he originally offered to the world his interpretation&lt;br /&gt;of dreams was as circumstantial as a legal record to be pondered over by&lt;br /&gt;scientists at their leisure, not to be assimilated in a few hours by&lt;br /&gt;the average alert reader. In those days, Freud could not leave out any&lt;br /&gt;detail likely to make his extremely novel thesis evidentially acceptable&lt;br /&gt;to those willing to sift data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Freud himself, however, realized the magnitude of the task which the&lt;br /&gt;reading of his _magnum opus_ imposed upon those who have not been&lt;br /&gt;prepared for it by long psychological and scientific training and he&lt;br /&gt;abstracted from that gigantic work the parts which constitute the&lt;br /&gt;essential of his discoveries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The publishers of the present book deserve credit for presenting to the&lt;br /&gt;reading public the gist of Freud's psychology in the master's own words,&lt;br /&gt;and in a form which shall neither discourage beginners, nor appear too&lt;br /&gt;elementary to those who are more advanced in psychoanalytic study.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dream psychology is the key to Freud's works and to all modern&lt;br /&gt;psychology. With a simple, compact manual such as _Dream Psychology_&lt;br /&gt;there shall be no longer any excuse for ignorance of the most&lt;br /&gt;revolutionary psychological system of modern times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ANDRÉ TRIDON.&lt;br /&gt; 121 Madison Avenue, New York.&lt;br /&gt;   November, 1920.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CONTENTS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CHAPTER                                                             PAGE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  I  DREAMS HAVE A MEANING                                            1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; II  THE DREAM MECHANISM                                             24&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;III  WHY THE DREAM DISGUISES THE DESIRES                             57&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; IV  DREAM ANALYSIS                                                  78&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  V  SEX IN DREAMS                                                  104&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; VI  THE WISH IN DREAMS                                             135&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VII  THE FUNCTION OF THE DREAM                                      164&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VIII  THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESS--REGRESSION                  186&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; IX  THE UNCONSCIOUS AND CONSCIOUSNESS--REALITY                     220&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DREAM PSYCHOLOGY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DREAMS HAVE A MEANING&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In what we may term "prescientific days" people were in no uncertainty&lt;br /&gt;about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after&lt;br /&gt;awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile&lt;br /&gt;manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and Divine. With the&lt;br /&gt;rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was&lt;br /&gt;transferred to psychology; to-day there is but a small minority among&lt;br /&gt;educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamer's own psychical&lt;br /&gt;act.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation&lt;br /&gt;of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its&lt;br /&gt;relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence&lt;br /&gt;of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice;&lt;br /&gt;its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence&lt;br /&gt;between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dream's&lt;br /&gt;evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it&lt;br /&gt;aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or&lt;br /&gt;rejecting it--all these and many other problems have for many hundred&lt;br /&gt;years demanded answers which up till now could never have been&lt;br /&gt;satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the&lt;br /&gt;dream, a question which is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly,&lt;br /&gt;the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the&lt;br /&gt;psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has&lt;br /&gt;the dream a meaning--can sense be made of each single dream as of other&lt;br /&gt;mental syntheses?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Three tendencies can be observed in the estimation of dreams. Many&lt;br /&gt;philosophers have given currency to one of these tendencies, one which&lt;br /&gt;at the same time preserves something of the dream's former&lt;br /&gt;over-valuation. The foundation of dream life is for them a peculiar&lt;br /&gt;state of psychical activity, which they even celebrate as elevation to&lt;br /&gt;some higher state. Schubert, for instance, claims: "The dream is the&lt;br /&gt;liberation of the spirit from the pressure of external nature, a&lt;br /&gt;detachment of the soul from the fetters of matter." Not all go so far as&lt;br /&gt;this, but many maintain that dreams have their origin in real spiritual&lt;br /&gt;excitations, and are the outward manifestations of spiritual powers&lt;br /&gt;whose free movements have been hampered during the day ("Dream&lt;br /&gt;Phantasies," Scherner, Volkelt). A large number of observers acknowledge&lt;br /&gt;that dream life is capable of extraordinary achievements--at any rate,&lt;br /&gt;in certain fields ("Memory").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In striking contradiction with this the majority of medical writers&lt;br /&gt;hardly admit that the dream is a psychical phenomenon at all. According&lt;br /&gt;to them dreams are provoked and initiated exclusively by stimuli&lt;br /&gt;proceeding from the senses or the body, which either reach the sleeper&lt;br /&gt;from without or are accidental disturbances of his internal organs. The&lt;br /&gt;dream has no greater claim to meaning and importance than the sound&lt;br /&gt;called forth by the ten fingers of a person quite unacquainted with&lt;br /&gt;music running his fingers over the keys of an instrument. The dream is&lt;br /&gt;to be regarded, says Binz, "as a physical process always useless,&lt;br /&gt;frequently morbid." All the peculiarities of dream life are explicable&lt;br /&gt;as the incoherent effort, due to some physiological stimulus, of certain&lt;br /&gt;organs, or of the cortical elements of a brain otherwise asleep.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But slightly affected by scientific opinion and untroubled as to the&lt;br /&gt;origin of dreams, the popular view holds firmly to the belief that&lt;br /&gt;dreams really have got a meaning, in some way they do foretell the&lt;br /&gt;future, whilst the meaning can be unravelled in some way or other from&lt;br /&gt;its oft bizarre and enigmatical content. The reading of dreams consists&lt;br /&gt;in replacing the events of the dream, so far as remembered, by other&lt;br /&gt;events. This is done either scene by scene, _according to some rigid&lt;br /&gt;key_, or the dream as a whole is replaced by something else of which it&lt;br /&gt;was a _symbol_. Serious-minded persons laugh at these efforts--"Dreams&lt;br /&gt;are but sea-foam!"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One day I discovered to my amazement that the popular view grounded in&lt;br /&gt;superstition, and not the medical one, comes nearer to the truth about&lt;br /&gt;dreams. I arrived at new conclusions about dreams by the use of a new&lt;br /&gt;method of psychological investigation, one which had rendered me good&lt;br /&gt;service in the investigation of phobias, obsessions, illusions, and the&lt;br /&gt;like, and which, under the name "psycho-analysis," had found acceptance&lt;br /&gt;by a whole school of investigators. The manifold analogies of dream life&lt;br /&gt;with the most diverse conditions of psychical disease in the waking&lt;br /&gt;state have been rightly insisted upon by a number of medical observers.&lt;br /&gt;It seemed, therefore, _a priori_, hopeful to apply to the interpretation&lt;br /&gt;of dreams methods of investigation which had been tested in&lt;br /&gt;psychopathological processes. Obsessions and those peculiar sensations&lt;br /&gt;of haunting dread remain as strange to normal consciousness as do&lt;br /&gt;dreams to our waking consciousness; their origin is as unknown to&lt;br /&gt;consciousness as is that of dreams. It was practical ends that impelled&lt;br /&gt;us, in these diseases, to fathom their origin and formation. Experience&lt;br /&gt;had shown us that a cure and a consequent mastery of the obsessing ideas&lt;br /&gt;did result when once those thoughts, the connecting links between the&lt;br /&gt;morbid ideas and the rest of the psychical content, were revealed which&lt;br /&gt;were heretofore veiled from consciousness. The procedure I employed for&lt;br /&gt;the interpretation of dreams thus arose from psychotherapy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This procedure is readily described, although its practice demands&lt;br /&gt;instruction and experience. Suppose the patient is suffering from&lt;br /&gt;intense morbid dread. He is requested to direct his attention to the&lt;br /&gt;idea in question, without, however, as he has so frequently done,&lt;br /&gt;meditating upon it. Every impression about it, without any exception,&lt;br /&gt;which occurs to him should be imparted to the doctor. The statement&lt;br /&gt;which will be perhaps then made, that he cannot concentrate his&lt;br /&gt;attention upon anything at all, is to be countered by assuring him most&lt;br /&gt;positively that such a blank state of mind is utterly impossible. As a&lt;br /&gt;matter of fact, a great number of impressions will soon occur, with&lt;br /&gt;which others will associate themselves. These will be invariably&lt;br /&gt;accompanied by the expression of the observer's opinion that they have&lt;br /&gt;no meaning or are unimportant. It will be at once noticed that it is&lt;br /&gt;this self-criticism which prevented the patient from imparting the&lt;br /&gt;ideas, which had indeed already excluded them from consciousness. If the&lt;br /&gt;patient can be induced to abandon this self-criticism and to pursue the&lt;br /&gt;trains of thought which are yielded by concentrating the attention, most&lt;br /&gt;significant matter will be obtained, matter which will be presently seen&lt;br /&gt;to be clearly linked to the morbid idea in question. Its connection with&lt;br /&gt;other ideas will be manifest, and later on will permit the replacement&lt;br /&gt;of the morbid idea by a fresh one, which is perfectly adapted to&lt;br /&gt;psychical continuity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is not the place to examine thoroughly the hypothesis upon which&lt;br /&gt;this experiment rests, or the deductions which follow from its&lt;br /&gt;invariable success. It must suffice to state that we obtain matter&lt;br /&gt;enough for the resolution of every morbid idea if we especially direct&lt;br /&gt;our attention to the _unbidden_ associations _which disturb our&lt;br /&gt;thoughts_--those which are otherwise put aside by the critic as&lt;br /&gt;worthless refuse. If the procedure is exercised on oneself, the best&lt;br /&gt;plan of helping the experiment is to write down at once all one's first&lt;br /&gt;indistinct fancies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will now point out where this method leads when I apply it to the&lt;br /&gt;examination of dreams. Any dream could be made use of in this way. From&lt;br /&gt;certain motives I, however, choose a dream of my own, which appears&lt;br /&gt;confused and meaningless to my memory, and one which has the advantage&lt;br /&gt;of brevity. Probably my dream of last night satisfies the requirements.&lt;br /&gt;Its content, fixed immediately after awakening, runs as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_"Company; at table or table d'hôte.... Spinach is served. Mrs. E.L.,&lt;br /&gt;sitting next to me, gives me her undivided attention, and places her&lt;br /&gt;hand familiarly upon my knee. In defence I remove her hand. Then she&lt;br /&gt;says: 'But you have always had such beautiful eyes.'.... I then&lt;br /&gt;distinctly see something like two eyes as a sketch or as the contour of&lt;br /&gt;a spectacle lens...."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the whole dream, or, at all events, all that I can remember. It&lt;br /&gt;appears to me not only obscure and meaningless, but more especially odd.&lt;br /&gt;Mrs. E.L. is a person with whom I am scarcely on visiting terms, nor to&lt;br /&gt;my knowledge have I ever desired any more cordial relationship. I have&lt;br /&gt;not seen her for a long time, and do not think there was any mention of&lt;br /&gt;her recently. No emotion whatever accompanied the dream process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reflecting upon this dream does not make it a bit clearer to my mind. I&lt;br /&gt;will now, however, present the ideas, without premeditation and without&lt;br /&gt;criticism, which introspection yielded. I soon notice that it is an&lt;br /&gt;advantage to break up the dream into its elements, and to search out the&lt;br /&gt;ideas which link themselves to each fragment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_Company; at table or table d'hôte._ The recollection of the slight&lt;br /&gt;event with which the evening of yesterday ended is at once called up. I&lt;br /&gt;left a small party in the company of a friend, who offered to drive me&lt;br /&gt;home in his cab. "I prefer a taxi," he said; "that gives one such a&lt;br /&gt;pleasant occupation; there is always something to look at." When we were&lt;br /&gt;in the cab, and the cab-driver turned the disc so that the first sixty&lt;br /&gt;hellers were visible, I continued the jest. "We have hardly got in and&lt;br /&gt;we already owe sixty hellers. The taxi always reminds me of the table&lt;br /&gt;d'hôte. It makes me avaricious and selfish by continuously reminding me&lt;br /&gt;of my debt. It seems to me to mount up too quickly, and I am always&lt;br /&gt;afraid that I shall be at a disadvantage, just as I cannot resist at&lt;br /&gt;table d'hôte the comical fear that I am getting too little, that I must&lt;br /&gt;look after myself." In far-fetched connection with this I quote:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; "To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,&lt;br /&gt; To guilt ye let us heedless go."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another idea about the table d'hôte. A few weeks ago I was very cross&lt;br /&gt;with my dear wife at the dinner-table at a Tyrolese health resort,&lt;br /&gt;because she was not sufficiently reserved with some neighbors with whom&lt;br /&gt;I wished to have absolutely nothing to do. I begged her to occupy&lt;br /&gt;herself rather with me than with the strangers. That is just as if I had&lt;br /&gt;_been at a disadvantage at the table d'hôte_. The contrast between the&lt;br /&gt;behavior of my wife at the table and that of Mrs. E.L. in the dream now&lt;br /&gt;strikes me: _"Addresses herself entirely to me."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Further, I now notice that the dream is the reproduction of a little&lt;br /&gt;scene which transpired between my wife and myself when I was secretly&lt;br /&gt;courting her. The caressing under cover of the tablecloth was an answer&lt;br /&gt;to a wooer's passionate letter. In the dream, however, my wife is&lt;br /&gt;replaced by the unfamiliar E.L.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mrs. E.L. is the daughter of a man to whom I _owed money_! I cannot help&lt;br /&gt;noticing that here there is revealed an unsuspected connection between&lt;br /&gt;the dream content and my thoughts. If the chain of associations be&lt;br /&gt;followed up which proceeds from one element of the dream one is soon led&lt;br /&gt;back to another of its elements. The thoughts evoked by the dream stir&lt;br /&gt;up associations which were not noticeable in the dream itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is it not customary, when some one expects others to look after his&lt;br /&gt;interests without any advantage to themselves, to ask the innocent&lt;br /&gt;question satirically: "Do you think this will be done _for the sake of&lt;br /&gt;your beautiful eyes_?" Hence Mrs. E.L.'s speech in the dream. "You have&lt;br /&gt;always had such beautiful eyes," means nothing but "people always do&lt;br /&gt;everything to you for love of you; you have had _everything for&lt;br /&gt;nothing_." The contrary is, of course, the truth; I have always paid&lt;br /&gt;dearly for whatever kindness others have shown me. Still, the fact that&lt;br /&gt;_I had a ride for nothing_ yesterday when my friend drove me home in his&lt;br /&gt;cab must have made an impression upon me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In any case, the friend whose guests we were yesterday has often made me&lt;br /&gt;his debtor. Recently I allowed an opportunity of requiting him to go by.&lt;br /&gt;He has had only one present from me, an antique shawl, upon which eyes&lt;br /&gt;are painted all round, a so-called Occhiale, as a _charm_ against the&lt;br /&gt;_Malocchio_. Moreover, he is an _eye specialist_. That same evening I&lt;br /&gt;had asked him after a patient whom I had sent to him for _glasses_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As I remarked, nearly all parts of the dream have been brought into this&lt;br /&gt;new connection. I still might ask why in the dream it was _spinach_&lt;br /&gt;that was served up. Because spinach called up a little scene which&lt;br /&gt;recently occurred at our table. A child, whose _beautiful eyes_ are&lt;br /&gt;really deserving of praise, refused to eat spinach. As a child I was&lt;br /&gt;just the same; for a long time I loathed _spinach_, until in later life&lt;br /&gt;my tastes altered, and it became one of my favorite dishes. The mention&lt;br /&gt;of this dish brings my own childhood and that of my child's near&lt;br /&gt;together. "You should be glad that you have some spinach," his mother&lt;br /&gt;had said to the little gourmet. "Some children would be very glad to get&lt;br /&gt;spinach." Thus I am reminded of the parents' duties towards their&lt;br /&gt;children. Goethe's words--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; "To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,&lt;br /&gt; To guilt ye let us heedless go"--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;take on another meaning in this connection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here I will stop in order that I may recapitulate the results of the&lt;br /&gt;analysis of the dream. By following the associations which were linked&lt;br /&gt;to the single elements of the dream torn from their context, I have been&lt;br /&gt;led to a series of thoughts and reminiscences where I am bound to&lt;br /&gt;recognize interesting expressions of my psychical life. The matter&lt;br /&gt;yielded by an analysis of the dream stands in intimate relationship with&lt;br /&gt;the dream content, but this relationship is so special that I should&lt;br /&gt;never have been able to have inferred the new discoveries directly from&lt;br /&gt;the dream itself. The dream was passionless, disconnected, and&lt;br /&gt;unintelligible. During the time that I am unfolding the thoughts at the&lt;br /&gt;back of the dream I feel intense and well-grounded emotions. The&lt;br /&gt;thoughts themselves fit beautifully together into chains logically bound&lt;br /&gt;together with certain central ideas which ever repeat themselves. Such&lt;br /&gt;ideas not represented in the dream itself are in this instance the&lt;br /&gt;antitheses _selfish, unselfish, to be indebted, to work for nothing_. I&lt;br /&gt;could draw closer the threads of the web which analysis has disclosed,&lt;br /&gt;and would then be able to show how they all run together into a single&lt;br /&gt;knot; I am debarred from making this work public by considerations of a&lt;br /&gt;private, not of a scientific, nature. After having cleared up many&lt;br /&gt;things which I do not willingly acknowledge as mine, I should have much&lt;br /&gt;to reveal which had better remain my secret. Why, then, do not I choose&lt;br /&gt;another dream whose analysis would be more suitable for publication, so&lt;br /&gt;that I could awaken a fairer conviction of the sense and cohesion of the&lt;br /&gt;results disclosed by analysis? The answer is, because every dream which&lt;br /&gt;I investigate leads to the same difficulties and places me under the&lt;br /&gt;same need of discretion; nor should I forgo this difficulty any the&lt;br /&gt;more were I to analyze the dream of some one else. That could only be&lt;br /&gt;done when opportunity allowed all concealment to be dropped without&lt;br /&gt;injury to those who trusted me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The conclusion which is now forced upon me is that the dream is a _sort&lt;br /&gt;of substitution_ for those emotional and intellectual trains of thought&lt;br /&gt;which I attained after complete analysis. I do not yet know the process&lt;br /&gt;by which the dream arose from those thoughts, but I perceive that it is&lt;br /&gt;wrong to regard the dream as psychically unimportant, a purely physical&lt;br /&gt;process which has arisen from the activity of isolated cortical elements&lt;br /&gt;awakened out of sleep.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I must further remark that the dream is far shorter than the thoughts&lt;br /&gt;which I hold it replaces; whilst analysis discovered that the dream was&lt;br /&gt;provoked by an unimportant occurrence the evening before the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Naturally, I would not draw such far-reaching conclusions if only one&lt;br /&gt;analysis were known to me. Experience has shown me that when the&lt;br /&gt;associations of any dream are honestly followed such a chain of thought&lt;br /&gt;is revealed, the constituent parts of the dream reappear correctly and&lt;br /&gt;sensibly linked together; the slight suspicion that this concatenation&lt;br /&gt;was merely an accident of a single first observation must, therefore,&lt;br /&gt;be absolutely relinquished. I regard it, therefore, as my right to&lt;br /&gt;establish this new view by a proper nomenclature. I contrast the dream&lt;br /&gt;which my memory evokes with the dream and other added matter revealed by&lt;br /&gt;analysis: the former I call the dream's _manifest content_; the latter,&lt;br /&gt;without at first further subdivision, its _latent content_. I arrive at&lt;br /&gt;two new problems hitherto unformulated: (1) What is the psychical&lt;br /&gt;process which has transformed the latent content of the dream into its&lt;br /&gt;manifest content? (2) What is the motive or the motives which have made&lt;br /&gt;such transformation exigent? The process by which the change from latent&lt;br /&gt;to manifest content is executed I name the _dream-work_. In contrast&lt;br /&gt;with this is the _work of analysis_, which produces the reverse&lt;br /&gt;transformation. The other problems of the dream--the inquiry as to its&lt;br /&gt;stimuli, as to the source of its materials, as to its possible purpose,&lt;br /&gt;the function of dreaming, the forgetting of dreams--these I will discuss&lt;br /&gt;in connection with the latent dream-content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I shall take every care to avoid a confusion between the _manifest_ and&lt;br /&gt;the _latent content_, for I ascribe all the contradictory as well as the&lt;br /&gt;incorrect accounts of dream-life to the ignorance of this latent&lt;br /&gt;content, now first laid bare through analysis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The conversion of the latent dream thoughts into those manifest deserves&lt;br /&gt;our close study as the first known example of the transformation of&lt;br /&gt;psychical stuff from one mode of expression into another. From a mode of&lt;br /&gt;expression which, moreover, is readily intelligible into another which&lt;br /&gt;we can only penetrate by effort and with guidance, although this new&lt;br /&gt;mode must be equally reckoned as an effort of our own psychical&lt;br /&gt;activity. From the standpoint of the relationship of latent to manifest&lt;br /&gt;dream-content, dreams can be divided into three classes. We can, in the&lt;br /&gt;first place, distinguish those dreams which have a _meaning_ and are, at&lt;br /&gt;the same time, _intelligible_, which allow us to penetrate into our&lt;br /&gt;psychical life without further ado. Such dreams are numerous; they are&lt;br /&gt;usually short, and, as a general rule, do not seem very noticeable,&lt;br /&gt;because everything remarkable or exciting surprise is absent. Their&lt;br /&gt;occurrence is, moreover, a strong argument against the doctrine which&lt;br /&gt;derives the dream from the isolated activity of certain cortical&lt;br /&gt;elements. All signs of a lowered or subdivided psychical activity are&lt;br /&gt;wanting. Yet we never raise any objection to characterizing them as&lt;br /&gt;dreams, nor do we confound them with the products of our waking life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A second group is formed by those dreams which are indeed self-coherent&lt;br /&gt;and have a distinct meaning, but appear strange because we are unable to&lt;br /&gt;reconcile their meaning with our mental life. That is the case when we&lt;br /&gt;dream, for instance, that some dear relative has died of plague when we&lt;br /&gt;know of no ground for expecting, apprehending, or assuming anything of&lt;br /&gt;the sort; we can only ask ourself wonderingly: "What brought that into&lt;br /&gt;my head?" To the third group those dreams belong which are void of both&lt;br /&gt;meaning and intelligibility; they are _incoherent, complicated, and&lt;br /&gt;meaningless_. The overwhelming number of our dreams partake of this&lt;br /&gt;character, and this has given rise to the contemptuous attitude towards&lt;br /&gt;dreams and the medical theory of their limited psychical activity. It is&lt;br /&gt;especially in the longer and more complicated dream-plots that signs of&lt;br /&gt;incoherence are seldom missing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The contrast between manifest and latent dream-content is clearly only&lt;br /&gt;of value for the dreams of the second and more especially for those of&lt;br /&gt;the third class. Here are problems which are only solved when the&lt;br /&gt;manifest dream is replaced by its latent content; it was an example of&lt;br /&gt;this kind, a complicated and unintelligible dream, that we subjected to&lt;br /&gt;analysis. Against our expectation we, however, struck upon reasons which&lt;br /&gt;prevented a complete cognizance of the latent dream thought. On the&lt;br /&gt;repetition of this same experience we were forced to the supposition&lt;br /&gt;that there is an _intimate bond, with laws of its own, between the&lt;br /&gt;unintelligible and complicated nature of the dream and the difficulties&lt;br /&gt;attending communication of the thoughts connected with the dream_.&lt;br /&gt;Before investigating the nature of this bond, it will be advantageous to&lt;br /&gt;turn our attention to the more readily intelligible dreams of the first&lt;br /&gt;class where, the manifest and latent content being identical, the dream&lt;br /&gt;work seems to be omitted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The investigation of these dreams is also advisable from another&lt;br /&gt;standpoint. The dreams of _children_ are of this nature; they have a&lt;br /&gt;meaning, and are not bizarre. This, by the way, is a further objection&lt;br /&gt;to reducing dreams to a dissociation of cerebral activity in sleep, for&lt;br /&gt;why should such a lowering of psychical functions belong to the nature&lt;br /&gt;of sleep in adults, but not in children? We are, however, fully&lt;br /&gt;justified in expecting that the explanation of psychical processes in&lt;br /&gt;children, essentially simplified as they may be, should serve as an&lt;br /&gt;indispensable preparation towards the psychology of the adult.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I shall therefore cite some examples of dreams which I have gathered&lt;br /&gt;from children. A girl of nineteen months was made to go without food&lt;br /&gt;for a day because she had been sick in the morning, and, according to&lt;br /&gt;nurse, had made herself ill through eating strawberries. During the&lt;br /&gt;night, after her day of fasting, she was heard calling out her name&lt;br /&gt;during sleep, and adding: "_Tawberry, eggs, pap_." She is dreaming that&lt;br /&gt;she is eating, and selects out of her menu exactly what she supposes she&lt;br /&gt;will not get much of just now.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same kind of dream about a forbidden dish was that of a little boy&lt;br /&gt;of twenty-two months. The day before he was told to offer his uncle a&lt;br /&gt;present of a small basket of cherries, of which the child was, of&lt;br /&gt;course, only allowed one to taste. He woke up with the joyful news:&lt;br /&gt;"Hermann eaten up all the cherries."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A girl of three and a half years had made during the day a sea trip&lt;br /&gt;which was too short for her, and she cried when she had to get out of&lt;br /&gt;the boat. The next morning her story was that during the night she had&lt;br /&gt;been on the sea, thus continuing the interrupted trip.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A boy of five and a half years was not at all pleased with his party&lt;br /&gt;during a walk in the Dachstein region. Whenever a new peak came into&lt;br /&gt;sight he asked if that were the Dachstein, and, finally, refused to&lt;br /&gt;accompany the party to the waterfall. His behavior was ascribed to&lt;br /&gt;fatigue; but a better explanation was forthcoming when the next morning&lt;br /&gt;he told his dream: _he had ascended the Dachstein_. Obviously he&lt;br /&gt;expected the ascent of the Dachstein to be the object of the excursion,&lt;br /&gt;and was vexed by not getting a glimpse of the mountain. The dream gave&lt;br /&gt;him what the day had withheld. The dream of a girl of six was similar;&lt;br /&gt;her father had cut short the walk before reaching the promised objective&lt;br /&gt;on account of the lateness of the hour. On the way back she noticed a&lt;br /&gt;signpost giving the name of another place for excursions; her father&lt;br /&gt;promised to take her there also some other day. She greeted her father&lt;br /&gt;next day with the news that she had dreamt that _her father had been&lt;br /&gt;with her to both places_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is common in all these dreams is obvious. They completely satisfy&lt;br /&gt;wishes excited during the day which remain unrealized. They are simply&lt;br /&gt;and undisguisedly realizations of wishes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following child-dream, not quite understandable at first sight, is&lt;br /&gt;nothing else than a wish realized. On account of poliomyelitis a girl,&lt;br /&gt;not quite four years of age, was brought from the country into town, and&lt;br /&gt;remained over night with a childless aunt in a big--for her, naturally,&lt;br /&gt;huge--bed. The next morning she stated that she had dreamt that _the&lt;br /&gt;bed was much too small for her, so that she could find no place in it_.&lt;br /&gt;To explain this dream as a wish is easy when we remember that to be&lt;br /&gt;"big" is a frequently expressed wish of all children. The bigness of the&lt;br /&gt;bed reminded Miss Little-Would-be-Big only too forcibly of her&lt;br /&gt;smallness. This nasty situation became righted in her dream, and she&lt;br /&gt;grew so big that the bed now became too small for her.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even when children's dreams are complicated and polished, their&lt;br /&gt;comprehension as a realization of desire is fairly evident. A boy of&lt;br /&gt;eight dreamt that he was being driven with Achilles in a war-chariot,&lt;br /&gt;guided by Diomedes. The day before he was assiduously reading about&lt;br /&gt;great heroes. It is easy to show that he took these heroes as his&lt;br /&gt;models, and regretted that he was not living in those days.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From this short collection a further characteristic of the dreams of&lt;br /&gt;children is manifest--_their connection with the life of the day_. The&lt;br /&gt;desires which are realized in these dreams are left over from the day&lt;br /&gt;or, as a rule, the day previous, and the feeling has become intently&lt;br /&gt;emphasized and fixed during the day thoughts. Accidental and indifferent&lt;br /&gt;matters, or what must appear so to the child, find no acceptance in the&lt;br /&gt;contents of the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Innumerable instances of such dreams of the infantile type can be found&lt;br /&gt;among adults also, but, as mentioned, these are mostly exactly like the&lt;br /&gt;manifest content. Thus, a random selection of persons will generally&lt;br /&gt;respond to thirst at night-time with a dream about drinking, thus&lt;br /&gt;striving to get rid of the sensation and to let sleep continue. Many&lt;br /&gt;persons frequently have these comforting _dreams_ before waking, just&lt;br /&gt;when they are called. They then dream that they are already up, that&lt;br /&gt;they are washing, or already in school, at the office, etc., where they&lt;br /&gt;ought to be at a given time. The night before an intended journey one&lt;br /&gt;not infrequently dreams that one has already arrived at the destination;&lt;br /&gt;before going to a play or to a party the dream not infrequently&lt;br /&gt;anticipates, in impatience, as it were, the expected pleasure. At other&lt;br /&gt;times the dream expresses the realization of the desire somewhat&lt;br /&gt;indirectly; some connection, some sequel must be known--the first step&lt;br /&gt;towards recognizing the desire. Thus, when a husband related to me the&lt;br /&gt;dream of his young wife, that her monthly period had begun, I had to&lt;br /&gt;bethink myself that the young wife would have expected a pregnancy if&lt;br /&gt;the period had been absent. The dream is then a sign of pregnancy. Its&lt;br /&gt;meaning is that it shows the wish realized that pregnancy should not&lt;br /&gt;occur just yet. Under unusual and extreme circumstances, these dreams&lt;br /&gt;of the infantile type become very frequent. The leader of a polar&lt;br /&gt;expedition tells us, for instance, that during the wintering amid the&lt;br /&gt;ice the crew, with their monotonous diet and slight rations, dreamt&lt;br /&gt;regularly, like children, of fine meals, of mountains of tobacco, and of&lt;br /&gt;home.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not uncommon that out of some long, complicated and intricate&lt;br /&gt;dream one specially lucid part stands out containing unmistakably the&lt;br /&gt;realization of a desire, but bound up with much unintelligible matter.&lt;br /&gt;On more frequently analyzing the seemingly more transparent dreams of&lt;br /&gt;adults, it is astonishing to discover that these are rarely as simple as&lt;br /&gt;the dreams of children, and that they cover another meaning beyond that&lt;br /&gt;of the realization of a wish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It would certainly be a simple and convenient solution of the riddle if&lt;br /&gt;the work of analysis made it at all possible for us to trace the&lt;br /&gt;meaningless and intricate dreams of adults back to the infantile type,&lt;br /&gt;to the realization of some intensely experienced desire of the day. But&lt;br /&gt;there is no warrant for such an expectation. Their dreams are generally&lt;br /&gt;full of the most indifferent and bizarre matter, and no trace of the&lt;br /&gt;realization of the wish is to be found in their content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before leaving these infantile dreams, which are obviously unrealized&lt;br /&gt;desires, we must not fail to mention another chief characteristic of&lt;br /&gt;dreams, one that has been long noticed, and one which stands out most&lt;br /&gt;clearly in this class. I can replace any of these dreams by a phrase&lt;br /&gt;expressing a desire. If the sea trip had only lasted longer; if I were&lt;br /&gt;only washed and dressed; if I had only been allowed to keep the cherries&lt;br /&gt;instead of giving them to my uncle. But the dream gives something more&lt;br /&gt;than the choice, for here the desire is already realized; its&lt;br /&gt;realization is real and actual. The dream presentations consist chiefly,&lt;br /&gt;if not wholly, of scenes and mainly of visual sense images. Hence a kind&lt;br /&gt;of transformation is not entirely absent in this class of dreams, and&lt;br /&gt;this may be fairly designated as the dream work. _An idea merely&lt;br /&gt;existing in the region of possibility is replaced by a vision of its&lt;br /&gt;accomplishment._&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;II&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE DREAM MECHANISM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We are compelled to assume that such transformation of scene has also&lt;br /&gt;taken place in intricate dreams, though we do not know whether it has&lt;br /&gt;encountered any possible desire. The dream instanced at the&lt;br /&gt;commencement, which we analyzed somewhat thoroughly, did give us&lt;br /&gt;occasion in two places to suspect something of the kind. Analysis&lt;br /&gt;brought out that my wife was occupied with others at table, and that I&lt;br /&gt;did not like it; in the dream itself _exactly the opposite_ occurs, for&lt;br /&gt;the person who replaces my wife gives me her undivided attention. But&lt;br /&gt;can one wish for anything pleasanter after a disagreeable incident than&lt;br /&gt;that the exact contrary should have occurred, just as the dream has it?&lt;br /&gt;The stinging thought in the analysis, that I have never had anything for&lt;br /&gt;nothing, is similarly connected with the woman's remark in the dream:&lt;br /&gt;"You have always had such beautiful eyes." Some portion of the&lt;br /&gt;opposition between the latent and manifest content of the dream must be&lt;br /&gt;therefore derived from the realization of a wish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another manifestation of the dream work which all incoherent dreams have&lt;br /&gt;in common is still more noticeable. Choose any instance, and compare the&lt;br /&gt;number of separate elements in it, or the extent of the dream, if&lt;br /&gt;written down, with the dream thoughts yielded by analysis, and of which&lt;br /&gt;but a trace can be refound in the dream itself. There can be no doubt&lt;br /&gt;that the dream working has resulted in an extraordinary compression or&lt;br /&gt;_condensation_. It is not at first easy to form an opinion as to the&lt;br /&gt;extent of the condensation; the more deeply you go into the analysis,&lt;br /&gt;the more deeply you are impressed by it. There will be found no factor&lt;br /&gt;in the dream whence the chains of associations do not lead in two or&lt;br /&gt;more directions, no scene which has not been pieced together out of two&lt;br /&gt;or more impressions and events. For instance, I once dreamt about a kind&lt;br /&gt;of swimming-bath where the bathers suddenly separated in all directions;&lt;br /&gt;at one place on the edge a person stood bending towards one of the&lt;br /&gt;bathers as if to drag him out. The scene was a composite one, made up&lt;br /&gt;out of an event that occurred at the time of puberty, and of two&lt;br /&gt;pictures, one of which I had seen just shortly before the dream. The two&lt;br /&gt;pictures were The Surprise in the Bath, from Schwind's Cycle of the&lt;br /&gt;Melusine (note the bathers suddenly separating), and The Flood, by an&lt;br /&gt;Italian master. The little incident was that I once witnessed a lady,&lt;br /&gt;who had tarried in the swimming-bath until the men's hour, being helped&lt;br /&gt;out of the water by the swimming-master. The scene in the dream which&lt;br /&gt;was selected for analysis led to a whole group of reminiscences, each&lt;br /&gt;one of which had contributed to the dream content. First of all came the&lt;br /&gt;little episode from the time of my courting, of which I have already&lt;br /&gt;spoken; the pressure of a hand under the table gave rise in the dream to&lt;br /&gt;the "under the table," which I had subsequently to find a place for in&lt;br /&gt;my recollection. There was, of course, at the time not a word about&lt;br /&gt;"undivided attention." Analysis taught me that this factor is the&lt;br /&gt;realization of a desire through its contradictory and related to the&lt;br /&gt;behavior of my wife at the table d'hôte. An exactly similar and much&lt;br /&gt;more important episode of our courtship, one which separated us for an&lt;br /&gt;entire day, lies hidden behind this recent recollection. The intimacy,&lt;br /&gt;the hand resting upon the knee, refers to a quite different connection&lt;br /&gt;and to quite other persons. This element in the dream becomes again the&lt;br /&gt;starting-point of two distinct series of reminiscences, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stuff of the dream thoughts which has been accumulated for the&lt;br /&gt;formation of the dream scene must be naturally fit for this application.&lt;br /&gt;There must be one or more common factors. The dream work proceeds like&lt;br /&gt;Francis Galton with his family photographs. The different elements are&lt;br /&gt;put one on top of the other; what is common to the composite picture&lt;br /&gt;stands out clearly, the opposing details cancel each other. This process&lt;br /&gt;of reproduction partly explains the wavering statements, of a peculiar&lt;br /&gt;vagueness, in so many elements of the dream. For the interpretation of&lt;br /&gt;dreams this rule holds good: When analysis discloses _uncertainty_, as&lt;br /&gt;to _either_--_or_ read _and_, _taking_ each section of the apparent&lt;br /&gt;alternatives as a separate outlet for a series of impressions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When there is nothing in common between the dream thoughts, the dream&lt;br /&gt;work takes the trouble to create a something, in order to make a common&lt;br /&gt;presentation feasible in the dream. The simplest way to approximate two&lt;br /&gt;dream thoughts, which have as yet nothing in common, consists in making&lt;br /&gt;such a change in the actual expression of one idea as will meet a slight&lt;br /&gt;responsive recasting in the form of the other idea. The process is&lt;br /&gt;analogous to that of rhyme, when consonance supplies the desired common&lt;br /&gt;factor. A good deal of the dream work consists in the creation of those&lt;br /&gt;frequently very witty, but often exaggerated, digressions. These vary&lt;br /&gt;from the common presentation in the dream content to dream thoughts&lt;br /&gt;which are as varied as are the causes in form and essence which give&lt;br /&gt;rise to them. In the analysis of our example of a dream, I find a like&lt;br /&gt;case of the transformation of a thought in order that it might agree&lt;br /&gt;with another essentially foreign one. In following out the analysis I&lt;br /&gt;struck upon the thought: _I should like to have something for nothing_.&lt;br /&gt;But this formula is not serviceable to the dream. Hence it is replaced&lt;br /&gt;by another one: "I should like to enjoy something free of cost."[1] The&lt;br /&gt;word "kost" (taste), with its double meaning, is appropriate to a table&lt;br /&gt;d'hôte; it, moreover, is in place through the special sense in the&lt;br /&gt;dream. At home if there is a dish which the children decline, their&lt;br /&gt;mother first tries gentle persuasion, with a "Just taste it." That the&lt;br /&gt;dream work should unhesitatingly use the double meaning of the word is&lt;br /&gt;certainly remarkable; ample experience has shown, however, that the&lt;br /&gt;occurrence is quite usual.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Through condensation of the dream certain constituent parts of its&lt;br /&gt;content are explicable which are peculiar to the dream life alone, and&lt;br /&gt;which are not found in the waking state. Such are the composite and&lt;br /&gt;mixed persons, the extraordinary mixed figures, creations comparable&lt;br /&gt;with the fantastic animal compositions of Orientals; a moment's thought&lt;br /&gt;and these are reduced to unity, whilst the fancies of the dream are ever&lt;br /&gt;formed anew in an inexhaustible profusion. Every one knows such images&lt;br /&gt;in his own dreams; manifold are their origins. I can build up a person&lt;br /&gt;by borrowing one feature from one person and one from another, or by&lt;br /&gt;giving to the form of one the name of another in my dream. I can also&lt;br /&gt;visualize one person, but place him in a position which has occurred to&lt;br /&gt;another. There is a meaning in all these cases when different persons&lt;br /&gt;are amalgamated into one substitute. Such cases denote an "and," a "just&lt;br /&gt;like," a comparison of the original person from a certain point of view,&lt;br /&gt;a comparison which can be also realized in the dream itself. As a rule,&lt;br /&gt;however, the identity of the blended persons is only discoverable by&lt;br /&gt;analysis, and is only indicated in the dream content by the formation of&lt;br /&gt;the "combined" person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same diversity in their ways of formation and the same rules for its&lt;br /&gt;solution hold good also for the innumerable medley of dream contents,&lt;br /&gt;examples of which I need scarcely adduce. Their strangeness quite&lt;br /&gt;disappears when we resolve not to place them on a level with the objects&lt;br /&gt;of perception as known to us when awake, but to remember that they&lt;br /&gt;represent the art of dream condensation by an exclusion of unnecessary&lt;br /&gt;detail. Prominence is given to the common character of the combination.&lt;br /&gt;Analysis must also generally supply the common features. The dream says&lt;br /&gt;simply: _All these things have an "x" in common_. The decomposition of&lt;br /&gt;these mixed images by analysis is often the quickest way to an&lt;br /&gt;interpretation of the dream. Thus I once dreamt that I was sitting with&lt;br /&gt;one of my former university tutors on a bench, which was undergoing a&lt;br /&gt;rapid continuous movement amidst other benches. This was a combination&lt;br /&gt;of lecture-room and moving staircase. I will not pursue the further&lt;br /&gt;result of the thought. Another time I was sitting in a carriage, and on&lt;br /&gt;my lap an object in shape like a top-hat, which, however, was made of&lt;br /&gt;transparent glass. The scene at once brought to my mind the proverb: "He&lt;br /&gt;who keeps his hat in his hand will travel safely through the land." By a&lt;br /&gt;slight turn the _glass hat_ reminded me of _Auer's light_, and I knew&lt;br /&gt;that I was about to invent something which was to make me as rich and&lt;br /&gt;independent as his invention had made my countryman, Dr. Auer, of&lt;br /&gt;Welsbach; then I should be able to travel instead of remaining in&lt;br /&gt;Vienna. In the dream I was traveling with my invention, with the, it is&lt;br /&gt;true, rather awkward glass top-hat. The dream work is peculiarly adept&lt;br /&gt;at representing two contradictory conceptions by means of the same mixed&lt;br /&gt;image. Thus, for instance, a woman dreamt of herself carrying a tall&lt;br /&gt;flower-stalk, as in the picture of the Annunciation (Chastity-Mary is&lt;br /&gt;her own name), but the stalk was bedecked with thick white blossoms&lt;br /&gt;resembling camellias (contrast with chastity: La dame aux Camelias).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A great deal of what we have called "dream condensation" can be thus&lt;br /&gt;formulated. Each one of the elements of the dream content is&lt;br /&gt;_overdetermined_ by the matter of the dream thoughts; it is not derived&lt;br /&gt;from one element of these thoughts, but from a whole series. These are&lt;br /&gt;not necessarily interconnected in any way, but may belong to the most&lt;br /&gt;diverse spheres of thought. The dream element truly represents all this&lt;br /&gt;disparate matter in the dream content. Analysis, moreover, discloses&lt;br /&gt;another side of the relationship between dream content and dream&lt;br /&gt;thoughts. Just as one element of the dream leads to associations with&lt;br /&gt;several dream thoughts, so, as a rule, the _one dream thought represents&lt;br /&gt;more than one dream element_. The threads of the association do not&lt;br /&gt;simply converge from the dream thoughts to the dream content, but on the&lt;br /&gt;way they overlap and interweave in every way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Next to the transformation of one thought in the scene (its&lt;br /&gt;"dramatization"), condensation is the most important and most&lt;br /&gt;characteristic feature of the dream work. We have as yet no clue as to&lt;br /&gt;the motive calling for such compression of the content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the complicated and intricate dreams with which we are now concerned,&lt;br /&gt;condensation and dramatization do not wholly account for the difference&lt;br /&gt;between dream contents and dream thoughts. There is evidence of a third&lt;br /&gt;factor, which deserves careful consideration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I have arrived at an understanding of the dream thoughts by my&lt;br /&gt;analysis I notice, above all, that the matter of the manifest is very&lt;br /&gt;different from that of the latent dream content. That is, I admit, only&lt;br /&gt;an apparent difference which vanishes on closer investigation, for in&lt;br /&gt;the end I find the whole dream content carried out in the dream&lt;br /&gt;thoughts, nearly all the dream thoughts again represented in the dream&lt;br /&gt;content. Nevertheless, there does remain a certain amount of difference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The essential content which stood out clearly and broadly in the dream&lt;br /&gt;must, after analysis, rest satisfied with a very subordinate rôle among&lt;br /&gt;the dream thoughts. These very dream thoughts which, going by my&lt;br /&gt;feelings, have a claim to the greatest importance are either not present&lt;br /&gt;at all in the dream content, or are represented by some remote allusion&lt;br /&gt;in some obscure region of the dream. I can thus describe these&lt;br /&gt;phenomena: _During the dream work the psychical intensity of those&lt;br /&gt;thoughts and conceptions to which it properly pertains flows to others&lt;br /&gt;which, in my judgment, have no claim to such emphasis_. There is no&lt;br /&gt;other process which contributes so much to concealment of the dream's&lt;br /&gt;meaning and to make the connection between the dream content and dream&lt;br /&gt;ideas irrecognizable. During this process, which I will call _the dream&lt;br /&gt;displacement_, I notice also the psychical intensity, significance, or&lt;br /&gt;emotional nature of the thoughts become transposed in sensory vividness.&lt;br /&gt;What was clearest in the dream seems to me, without further&lt;br /&gt;consideration, the most important; but often in some obscure element of&lt;br /&gt;the dream I can recognize the most direct offspring of the principal&lt;br /&gt;dream thought.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I could only designate this dream displacement as the _transvaluation of&lt;br /&gt;psychical values_. The phenomena will not have been considered in all&lt;br /&gt;its bearings unless I add that this displacement or transvaluation is&lt;br /&gt;shared by different dreams in extremely varying degrees. There are&lt;br /&gt;dreams which take place almost without any displacement. These have the&lt;br /&gt;same time, meaning, and intelligibility as we found in the dreams which&lt;br /&gt;recorded a desire. In other dreams not a bit of the dream idea has&lt;br /&gt;retained its own psychical value, or everything essential in these dream&lt;br /&gt;ideas has been replaced by unessentials, whilst every kind of transition&lt;br /&gt;between these conditions can be found. The more obscure and intricate a&lt;br /&gt;dream is, the greater is the part to be ascribed to the impetus of&lt;br /&gt;displacement in its formation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The example that we chose for analysis shows, at least, this much of&lt;br /&gt;displacement--that its content has a different center of interest from&lt;br /&gt;that of the dream ideas. In the forefront of the dream content the main&lt;br /&gt;scene appears as if a woman wished to make advances to me; in the dream&lt;br /&gt;idea the chief interest rests on the desire to enjoy disinterested love&lt;br /&gt;which shall "cost nothing"; this idea lies at the back of the talk about&lt;br /&gt;the beautiful eyes and the far-fetched allusion to "spinach."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If we abolish the dream displacement, we attain through analysis quite&lt;br /&gt;certain conclusions regarding two problems of the dream which are most&lt;br /&gt;disputed--as to what provokes a dream at all, and as to the connection&lt;br /&gt;of the dream with our waking life. There are dreams which at once expose&lt;br /&gt;their links with the events of the day; in others no trace of such a&lt;br /&gt;connection can be found. By the aid of analysis it can be shown that&lt;br /&gt;every dream, without any exception, is linked up with our impression of&lt;br /&gt;the day, or perhaps it would be more correct to say of the day previous&lt;br /&gt;to the dream. The impressions which have incited the dream may be so&lt;br /&gt;important that we are not surprised at our being occupied with them&lt;br /&gt;whilst awake; in this case we are right in saying that the dream carries&lt;br /&gt;on the chief interest of our waking life. More usually, however, when&lt;br /&gt;the dream contains anything relating to the impressions of the day, it&lt;br /&gt;is so trivial, unimportant, and so deserving of oblivion, that we can&lt;br /&gt;only recall it with an effort. The dream content appears, then, even&lt;br /&gt;when coherent and intelligible, to be concerned with those indifferent&lt;br /&gt;trifles of thought undeserving of our waking interest. The depreciation&lt;br /&gt;of dreams is largely due to the predominance of the indifferent and the&lt;br /&gt;worthless in their content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analysis destroys the appearance upon which this derogatory judgment is&lt;br /&gt;based. When the dream content discloses nothing but some indifferent&lt;br /&gt;impression as instigating the dream, analysis ever indicates some&lt;br /&gt;significant event, which has been replaced by something indifferent&lt;br /&gt;with which it has entered into abundant associations. Where the dream is&lt;br /&gt;concerned with uninteresting and unimportant conceptions, analysis&lt;br /&gt;reveals the numerous associative paths which connect the trivial with&lt;br /&gt;the momentous in the psychical estimation of the individual. _It is only&lt;br /&gt;the action of displacement if what is indifferent obtains recognition in&lt;br /&gt;the dream content instead of those impressions which are really the&lt;br /&gt;stimulus, or instead of the things of real interest_. In answering the&lt;br /&gt;question as to what provokes the dream, as to the connection of the&lt;br /&gt;dream, in the daily troubles, we must say, in terms of the insight given&lt;br /&gt;us by replacing the manifest latent dream content: _The dream does never&lt;br /&gt;trouble itself about things which are not deserving of our concern&lt;br /&gt;during the day, and trivialities which do not trouble us during the day&lt;br /&gt;have no power to pursue us whilst asleep_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What provoked the dream in the example which we have analyzed? The&lt;br /&gt;really unimportant event, that a friend invited me to a _free ride in&lt;br /&gt;his cab_. The table d'hôte scene in the dream contains an allusion to&lt;br /&gt;this indifferent motive, for in conversation I had brought the taxi&lt;br /&gt;parallel with the table d'hôte. But I can indicate the important event&lt;br /&gt;which has as its substitute the trivial one. A few days before I had&lt;br /&gt;disbursed a large sum of money for a member of my family who is very&lt;br /&gt;dear to me. Small wonder, says the dream thought, if this person is&lt;br /&gt;grateful to me for this--this love is not cost-free. But love that shall&lt;br /&gt;cost nothing is one of the prime thoughts of the dream. The fact that&lt;br /&gt;shortly before this I had had several _drives_ with the relative in&lt;br /&gt;question puts the one drive with my friend in a position to recall the&lt;br /&gt;connection with the other person. The indifferent impression which, by&lt;br /&gt;such ramifications, provokes the dream is subservient to another&lt;br /&gt;condition which is not true of the real source of the dream--the&lt;br /&gt;impression must be a recent one, everything arising from the day of the&lt;br /&gt;dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I cannot leave the question of dream displacement without the&lt;br /&gt;consideration of a remarkable process in the formation of dreams in&lt;br /&gt;which condensation and displacement work together towards one end. In&lt;br /&gt;condensation we have already considered the case where two conceptions&lt;br /&gt;in the dream having something in common, some point of contact, are&lt;br /&gt;replaced in the dream content by a mixed image, where the distinct germ&lt;br /&gt;corresponds to what is common, and the indistinct secondary&lt;br /&gt;modifications to what is distinctive. If displacement is added to&lt;br /&gt;condensation, there is no formation of a mixed image, but a _common&lt;br /&gt;mean_ which bears the same relationship to the individual elements as&lt;br /&gt;does the resultant in the parallelogram of forces to its components. In&lt;br /&gt;one of my dreams, for instance, there is talk of an injection with&lt;br /&gt;_propyl_. On first analysis I discovered an indifferent but true&lt;br /&gt;incident where _amyl_ played a part as the excitant of the dream. I&lt;br /&gt;cannot yet vindicate the exchange of amyl for propyl. To the round of&lt;br /&gt;ideas of the same dream, however, there belongs the recollection of my&lt;br /&gt;first visit to Munich, when the _Propyloea_ struck me. The attendant&lt;br /&gt;circumstances of the analysis render it admissible that the influence of&lt;br /&gt;this second group of conceptions caused the displacement of amyl to&lt;br /&gt;propyl. _Propyl_ is, so to say, the mean idea between _amyl_ and&lt;br /&gt;_propyloea_; it got into the dream as a kind of _compromise_ by&lt;br /&gt;simultaneous condensation and displacement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The need of discovering some motive for this bewildering work of the&lt;br /&gt;dream is even more called for in the case of displacement than in&lt;br /&gt;condensation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although the work of displacement must be held mainly responsible if the&lt;br /&gt;dream thoughts are not refound or recognized in the dream content&lt;br /&gt;(unless the motive of the changes be guessed), it is another and milder&lt;br /&gt;kind of transformation which will be considered with the dream thoughts&lt;br /&gt;which leads to the discovery of a new but readily understood act of the&lt;br /&gt;dream work. The first dream thoughts which are unravelled by analysis&lt;br /&gt;frequently strike one by their unusual wording. They do not appear to be&lt;br /&gt;expressed in the sober form which our thinking prefers; rather are they&lt;br /&gt;expressed symbolically by allegories and metaphors like the figurative&lt;br /&gt;language of the poets. It is not difficult to find the motives for this&lt;br /&gt;degree of constraint in the expression of dream ideas. The dream content&lt;br /&gt;consists chiefly of visual scenes; hence the dream ideas must, in the&lt;br /&gt;first place, be prepared to make use of these forms of presentation.&lt;br /&gt;Conceive that a political leader's or a barrister's address had to be&lt;br /&gt;transposed into pantomime, and it will be easy to understand the&lt;br /&gt;transformations to which the dream work is constrained by regard for&lt;br /&gt;this _dramatization of the dream content_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Around the psychical stuff of dream thoughts there are ever found&lt;br /&gt;reminiscences of impressions, not infrequently of early&lt;br /&gt;childhood--scenes which, as a rule, have been visually grasped. Whenever&lt;br /&gt;possible, this portion of the dream ideas exercises a definite influence&lt;br /&gt;upon the modelling of the dream content; it works like a center of&lt;br /&gt;crystallization, by attracting and rearranging the stuff of the dream&lt;br /&gt;thoughts. The scene of the dream is not infrequently nothing but a&lt;br /&gt;modified repetition, complicated by interpolations of events that have&lt;br /&gt;left such an impression; the dream but very seldom reproduces accurate&lt;br /&gt;and unmixed reproductions of real scenes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dream content does not, however, consist exclusively of scenes, but&lt;br /&gt;it also includes scattered fragments of visual images, conversations,&lt;br /&gt;and even bits of unchanged thoughts. It will be perhaps to the point if&lt;br /&gt;we instance in the briefest way the means of dramatization which are at&lt;br /&gt;the disposal of the dream work for the repetition of the dream thoughts&lt;br /&gt;in the peculiar language of the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dream thoughts which we learn from the analysis exhibit themselves&lt;br /&gt;as a psychical complex of the most complicated superstructure. Their&lt;br /&gt;parts stand in the most diverse relationship to each other; they form&lt;br /&gt;backgrounds and foregrounds, stipulations, digressions, illustrations,&lt;br /&gt;demonstrations, and protestations. It may be said to be almost the rule&lt;br /&gt;that one train of thought is followed by its contradictory. No feature&lt;br /&gt;known to our reason whilst awake is absent. If a dream is to grow out of&lt;br /&gt;all this, the psychical matter is submitted to a pressure which&lt;br /&gt;condenses it extremely, to an inner shrinking and displacement, creating&lt;br /&gt;at the same time fresh surfaces, to a selective interweaving among the&lt;br /&gt;constituents best adapted for the construction of these scenes. Having&lt;br /&gt;regard to the origin of this stuff, the term _regression_ can be fairly&lt;br /&gt;applied to this process. The logical chains which hitherto held the&lt;br /&gt;psychical stuff together become lost in this transformation to the dream&lt;br /&gt;content. The dream work takes on, as it were, only the essential content&lt;br /&gt;of the dream thoughts for elaboration. It is left to analysis to restore&lt;br /&gt;the connection which the dream work has destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dream's means of expression must therefore be regarded as meager in&lt;br /&gt;comparison with those of our imagination, though the dream does not&lt;br /&gt;renounce all claims to the restitution of logical relation to the dream&lt;br /&gt;thoughts. It rather succeeds with tolerable frequency in replacing these&lt;br /&gt;by formal characters of its own.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By reason of the undoubted connection existing between all the parts of&lt;br /&gt;dream thoughts, the dream is able to embody this matter into a single&lt;br /&gt;scene. It upholds a _logical connection_ as _approximation in time and&lt;br /&gt;space_, just as the painter, who groups all the poets for his picture of&lt;br /&gt;Parnassus who, though they have never been all together on a mountain&lt;br /&gt;peak, yet form ideally a community. The dream continues this method of&lt;br /&gt;presentation in individual dreams, and often when it displays two&lt;br /&gt;elements close together in the dream content it warrants some special&lt;br /&gt;inner connection between what they represent in the dream thoughts. It&lt;br /&gt;should be, moreover, observed that all the dreams of one night prove on&lt;br /&gt;analysis to originate from the same sphere of thought.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The causal connection between two ideas is either left without&lt;br /&gt;presentation, or replaced by two different long portions of dreams one&lt;br /&gt;after the other. This presentation is frequently a reversed one, the&lt;br /&gt;beginning of the dream being the deduction, and its end the hypothesis.&lt;br /&gt;The direct _transformation_ of one thing into another in the dream seems&lt;br /&gt;to serve the relationship of _cause_ and _effect_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dream never utters the _alternative "either-or,"_ but accepts both&lt;br /&gt;as having equal rights in the same connection. When "either-or" is used&lt;br /&gt;in the reproduction of dreams, it is, as I have already mentioned, to be&lt;br /&gt;replaced by "_and_."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conceptions which stand in opposition to one another are preferably&lt;br /&gt;expressed in dreams by the same element.[2] There seems no "not" in&lt;br /&gt;dreams. Opposition between two ideas, the relation of conversion, is&lt;br /&gt;represented in dreams in a very remarkable way. It is expressed by the&lt;br /&gt;reversal of another part of the dream content just as if by way of&lt;br /&gt;appendix. We shall later on deal with another form of expressing&lt;br /&gt;disagreement. The common dream sensation of _movement checked_ serves&lt;br /&gt;the purpose of representing disagreement of impulses--a _conflict of the&lt;br /&gt;will_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only one of the logical relationships--that of _similarity, identity,&lt;br /&gt;agreement_--is found highly developed in the mechanism of dream&lt;br /&gt;formation. Dream work makes use of these cases as a starting-point for&lt;br /&gt;condensation, drawing together everything which shows such agreement to&lt;br /&gt;a _fresh unity_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These short, crude observations naturally do not suffice as an estimate&lt;br /&gt;of the abundance of the dream's formal means of presenting the logical&lt;br /&gt;relationships of the dream thoughts. In this respect, individual dreams&lt;br /&gt;are worked up more nicely or more carelessly, our text will have been&lt;br /&gt;followed more or less closely, auxiliaries of the dream work will have&lt;br /&gt;been taken more or less into consideration. In the latter case they&lt;br /&gt;appear obscure, intricate, incoherent. When the dream appears openly&lt;br /&gt;absurd, when it contains an obvious paradox in its content, it is so of&lt;br /&gt;purpose. Through its apparent disregard of all logical claims, it&lt;br /&gt;expresses a part of the intellectual content of the dream ideas.&lt;br /&gt;Absurdity in the dream denotes _disagreement, scorn, disdain_ in the&lt;br /&gt;dream thoughts. As this explanation is in entire disagreement with the&lt;br /&gt;view that the dream owes its origin to dissociated, uncritical cerebral&lt;br /&gt;activity, I will emphasize my view by an example:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_"One of my acquaintances, Mr. M----, has been attacked by no less a&lt;br /&gt;person than Goethe in an essay with, we all maintain, unwarrantable&lt;br /&gt;violence. Mr. M---- has naturally been ruined by this attack. He&lt;br /&gt;complains very bitterly of this at a dinner-party, but his respect for&lt;br /&gt;Goethe has not diminished through this personal experience. I now&lt;br /&gt;attempt to clear up the chronological relations which strike me as&lt;br /&gt;improbable. Goethe died in 1832. As his attack upon Mr. M---- must, of&lt;br /&gt;course, have taken place before, Mr. M---- must have been then a very&lt;br /&gt;young man. It seems to me plausible that he was eighteen. I am not&lt;br /&gt;certain, however, what year we are actually in, and the whole&lt;br /&gt;calculation falls into obscurity. The attack was, moreover, contained&lt;br /&gt;in Goethe's well-known essay on 'Nature.'"_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The absurdity of the dream becomes the more glaring when I state that&lt;br /&gt;Mr. M---- is a young business man without any poetical or literary&lt;br /&gt;interests. My analysis of the dream will show what method there is in&lt;br /&gt;this madness. The dream has derived its material from three sources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Mr. M----, to whom I was introduced at a dinner-party, begged me one&lt;br /&gt;day to examine his elder brother, who showed signs of mental trouble. In&lt;br /&gt;conversation with the patient, an unpleasant episode occurred. Without&lt;br /&gt;the slightest occasion he disclosed one of his brother's _youthful&lt;br /&gt;escapades_. I had asked the patient the _year of his birth_ (_year of&lt;br /&gt;death_ in dream), and led him to various calculations which might show&lt;br /&gt;up his want of memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. A medical journal which displayed my name among others on the cover&lt;br /&gt;had published a _ruinous_ review of a book by my friend F---- of Berlin,&lt;br /&gt;from the pen of a very _juvenile_ reviewer. I communicated with the&lt;br /&gt;editor, who, indeed, expressed his regret, but would not promise any&lt;br /&gt;redress. Thereupon I broke off my connection with the paper; in my&lt;br /&gt;letter of resignation I expressed the hope that our _personal relations&lt;br /&gt;would not suffer from this_. Here is the real source of the dream. The&lt;br /&gt;derogatory reception of my friend's work had made a deep impression upon&lt;br /&gt;me. In my judgment, it contained a fundamental biological discovery&lt;br /&gt;which only now, several years later, commences to find favor among the&lt;br /&gt;professors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. A little while before, a patient gave me the medical history of her&lt;br /&gt;brother, who, exclaiming "_Nature, Nature!_" had gone out of his mind.&lt;br /&gt;The doctors considered that the exclamation arose from a study of&lt;br /&gt;_Goethe's_ beautiful essay, and indicated that the patient had been&lt;br /&gt;overworking. I expressed the opinion that it seemed more _plausible_ to&lt;br /&gt;me that the exclamation "Nature!" was to be taken in that sexual meaning&lt;br /&gt;known also to the less educated in our country. It seemed to me that&lt;br /&gt;this view had something in it, because the unfortunate youth afterwards&lt;br /&gt;mutilated his genital organs. The patient was eighteen years old when&lt;br /&gt;the attack occurred.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first person in the dream-thoughts behind the ego was my friend who&lt;br /&gt;had been so scandalously treated. _"I now attempted to clear up the&lt;br /&gt;chronological relation."_ My friend's book deals with the chronological&lt;br /&gt;relations of life, and, amongst other things, correlates _Goethe's_&lt;br /&gt;duration of life with a number of days in many ways important to&lt;br /&gt;biology. The ego is, however, represented as a general paralytic (_"I&lt;br /&gt;am not certain what year we are actually in"_). The dream exhibits my&lt;br /&gt;friend as behaving like a general paralytic, and thus riots in&lt;br /&gt;absurdity. But the dream thoughts run ironically. "Of course he is a&lt;br /&gt;madman, a fool, and you are the genius who understands all about it. But&lt;br /&gt;shouldn't it be the _other way round_?" This inversion obviously took&lt;br /&gt;place in the dream when Goethe attacked the young man, which is absurd,&lt;br /&gt;whilst any one, however young, can to-day easily attack the great&lt;br /&gt;Goethe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am prepared to maintain that no dream is inspired by other than&lt;br /&gt;egoistic emotions. The ego in the dream does not, indeed, represent only&lt;br /&gt;my friend, but stands for myself also. I identify myself with him&lt;br /&gt;because the fate of his discovery appears to me typical of the&lt;br /&gt;acceptance of _my own_. If I were to publish my own theory, which gives&lt;br /&gt;sexuality predominance in the ætiology of psychoneurotic disorders (see&lt;br /&gt;the allusion to the eighteen-year-old patient--_"Nature, Nature!"_), the&lt;br /&gt;same criticism would be leveled at me, and it would even now meet with&lt;br /&gt;the same contempt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I follow out the dream thoughts closely, I ever find only _scorn_&lt;br /&gt;and _contempt_ as _correlated with the dream's absurdity_. It is well&lt;br /&gt;known that the discovery of a cracked sheep's skull on the Lido in&lt;br /&gt;Venice gave Goethe the hint for the so-called vertebral theory of the&lt;br /&gt;skull. My friend plumes himself on having as a student raised a hubbub&lt;br /&gt;for the resignation of an aged professor who had done good work&lt;br /&gt;(including some in this very subject of comparative anatomy), but who,&lt;br /&gt;on account of _decrepitude_, had become quite incapable of teaching. The&lt;br /&gt;agitation my friend inspired was so successful because in the German&lt;br /&gt;Universities an _age limit_ is not demanded for academic work. _Age is&lt;br /&gt;no protection against folly._ In the hospital here I had for years the&lt;br /&gt;honor to serve under a chief who, long fossilized, was for decades&lt;br /&gt;notoriously _feebleminded_, and was yet permitted to continue in his&lt;br /&gt;responsible office. A trait, after the manner of the find in the Lido,&lt;br /&gt;forces itself upon me here. It was to this man that some youthful&lt;br /&gt;colleagues in the hospital adapted the then popular slang of that day:&lt;br /&gt;"No Goethe has written that," "No Schiller composed that," etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have not exhausted our valuation of the dream work. In addition to&lt;br /&gt;condensation, displacement, and definite arrangement of the psychical&lt;br /&gt;matter, we must ascribe to it yet another activity--one which is,&lt;br /&gt;indeed, not shared by every dream. I shall not treat this position of&lt;br /&gt;the dream work exhaustively; I will only point out that the readiest&lt;br /&gt;way to arrive at a conception of it is to take for granted, probably&lt;br /&gt;unfairly, that it _only subsequently influences the dream content which&lt;br /&gt;has already been built up_. Its mode of action thus consists in so&lt;br /&gt;coördinating the parts of the dream that these coalesce to a coherent&lt;br /&gt;whole, to a dream composition. The dream gets a kind of façade which, it&lt;br /&gt;is true, does not conceal the whole of its content. There is a sort of&lt;br /&gt;preliminary explanation to be strengthened by interpolations and slight&lt;br /&gt;alterations. Such elaboration of the dream content must not be too&lt;br /&gt;pronounced; the misconception of the dream thoughts to which it gives&lt;br /&gt;rise is merely superficial, and our first piece of work in analyzing a&lt;br /&gt;dream is to get rid of these early attempts at interpretation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The motives for this part of the dream work are easily gauged. This&lt;br /&gt;final elaboration of the dream is due to a _regard for&lt;br /&gt;intelligibility_--a fact at once betraying the origin of an action which&lt;br /&gt;behaves towards the actual dream content just as our normal psychical&lt;br /&gt;action behaves towards some proffered perception that is to our liking.&lt;br /&gt;The dream content is thus secured under the pretense of certain&lt;br /&gt;expectations, is perceptually classified by the supposition of its&lt;br /&gt;intelligibility, thereby risking its falsification, whilst, in fact, the&lt;br /&gt;most extraordinary misconceptions arise if the dream can be correlated&lt;br /&gt;with nothing familiar. Every one is aware that we are unable to look at&lt;br /&gt;any series of unfamiliar signs, or to listen to a discussion of unknown&lt;br /&gt;words, without at once making perpetual changes through _our regard for&lt;br /&gt;intelligibility_, through our falling back upon what is familiar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We can call those dreams _properly made up_ which are the result of an&lt;br /&gt;elaboration in every way analogous to the psychical action of our waking&lt;br /&gt;life. In other dreams there is no such action; not even an attempt is&lt;br /&gt;made to bring about order and meaning. We regard the dream as "quite&lt;br /&gt;mad," because on awaking it is with this last-named part of the dream&lt;br /&gt;work, the dream elaboration, that we identify ourselves. So far,&lt;br /&gt;however, as our analysis is concerned, the dream, which resembles a&lt;br /&gt;medley of disconnected fragments, is of as much value as the one with a&lt;br /&gt;smooth and beautifully polished surface. In the former case we are&lt;br /&gt;spared, to some extent, the trouble of breaking down the&lt;br /&gt;super-elaboration of the dream content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All the same, it would be an error to see in the dream façade nothing&lt;br /&gt;but the misunderstood and somewhat arbitrary elaboration of the dream&lt;br /&gt;carried out at the instance of our psychical life. Wishes and phantasies&lt;br /&gt;are not infrequently employed in the erection of this façade, which&lt;br /&gt;were already fashioned in the dream thoughts; they are akin to those of&lt;br /&gt;our waking life--"day-dreams," as they are very properly called. These&lt;br /&gt;wishes and phantasies, which analysis discloses in our dreams at night,&lt;br /&gt;often present themselves as repetitions and refashionings of the scenes&lt;br /&gt;of infancy. Thus the dream façade may show us directly the true core of&lt;br /&gt;the dream, distorted through admixture with other matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyond these four activities there is nothing else to be discovered in&lt;br /&gt;the dream work. If we keep closely to the definition that dream work&lt;br /&gt;denotes the transference of dream thoughts to dream content, we are&lt;br /&gt;compelled to say that the dream work is not creative; it develops no&lt;br /&gt;fancies of its own, it judges nothing, decides nothing. It does nothing&lt;br /&gt;but prepare the matter for condensation and displacement, and refashions&lt;br /&gt;it for dramatization, to which must be added the inconstant last-named&lt;br /&gt;mechanism--that of explanatory elaboration. It is true that a good deal&lt;br /&gt;is found in the dream content which might be understood as the result of&lt;br /&gt;another and more intellectual performance; but analysis shows&lt;br /&gt;conclusively every time that these _intellectual operations were already&lt;br /&gt;present in the dream thoughts, and have only been taken over by the&lt;br /&gt;dream content_. A syllogism in the dream is nothing other than the&lt;br /&gt;repetition of a syllogism in the dream thoughts; it seems inoffensive if&lt;br /&gt;it has been transferred to the dream without alteration; it becomes&lt;br /&gt;absurd if in the dream work it has been transferred to other matter. A&lt;br /&gt;calculation in the dream content simply means that there was a&lt;br /&gt;calculation in the dream thoughts; whilst this is always correct, the&lt;br /&gt;calculation in the dream can furnish the silliest results by the&lt;br /&gt;condensation of its factors and the displacement of the same operations&lt;br /&gt;to other things. Even speeches which are found in the dream content are&lt;br /&gt;not new compositions; they prove to be pieced together out of speeches&lt;br /&gt;which have been made or heard or read; the words are faithfully copied,&lt;br /&gt;but the occasion of their utterance is quite overlooked, and their&lt;br /&gt;meaning is most violently changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is, perhaps, not superfluous to support these assertions by examples:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. _A seemingly inoffensive, well-made dream of a patient. She was going&lt;br /&gt;to market with her cook, who carried the basket. The butcher said to her&lt;br /&gt;when she asked him for something: "That is all gone," and wished to give&lt;br /&gt;her something else, remarking; "That's very good." She declines, and&lt;br /&gt;goes to the greengrocer, who wants to sell her a peculiar vegetable&lt;br /&gt;which is bound up in bundles and of a black color. She says: "I don't&lt;br /&gt;know that; I won't take it."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The remark "That is all gone" arose from the treatment. A few days&lt;br /&gt;before I said myself to the patient that the earliest reminiscences of&lt;br /&gt;childhood _are all gone_ as such, but are replaced by transferences and&lt;br /&gt;dreams. Thus I am the butcher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second remark, _"I don't know that"_ arose in a very different&lt;br /&gt;connection. The day before she had herself called out in rebuke to the&lt;br /&gt;cook (who, moreover, also appears in the dream): "_Behave yourself&lt;br /&gt;properly_; I don't know _that_"--that is, "I don't know this kind of&lt;br /&gt;behavior; I won't have it." The more harmless portion of this speech was&lt;br /&gt;arrived at by a displacement of the dream content; in the dream thoughts&lt;br /&gt;only the other portion of the speech played a part, because the dream&lt;br /&gt;work changed an imaginary situation into utter irrecognizability and&lt;br /&gt;complete inoffensiveness (while in a certain sense I behave in an&lt;br /&gt;unseemly way to the lady). The situation resulting in this phantasy is,&lt;br /&gt;however, nothing but a new edition of one that actually took place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. A dream apparently meaningless relates to figures. _"She wants to pay&lt;br /&gt;something; her daughter takes three florins sixty-five kreuzers out of&lt;br /&gt;her purse; but she says: 'What are you doing? It only cost twenty-one&lt;br /&gt;kreuzers.'"_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dreamer was a stranger who had placed her child at school in Vienna,&lt;br /&gt;and who was able to continue under my treatment so long as her daughter&lt;br /&gt;remained at Vienna. The day before the dream the directress of the&lt;br /&gt;school had recommended her to keep the child another year at school. In&lt;br /&gt;this case she would have been able to prolong her treatment by one year.&lt;br /&gt;The figures in the dream become important if it be remembered that time&lt;br /&gt;is money. One year equals 365 days, or, expressed in kreuzers, 365&lt;br /&gt;kreuzers, which is three florins sixty-five kreuzers. The twenty-one&lt;br /&gt;kreuzers correspond with the three weeks which remained from the day of&lt;br /&gt;the dream to the end of the school term, and thus to the end of the&lt;br /&gt;treatment. It was obviously financial considerations which had moved the&lt;br /&gt;lady to refuse the proposal of the directress, and which were answerable&lt;br /&gt;for the triviality of the amount in the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. A lady, young, but already ten years married, heard that a friend of&lt;br /&gt;hers, Miss Elise L----, of about the same age, had become engaged. This&lt;br /&gt;gave rise to the following dream:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_She was sitting with her husband in the theater; the one side of the&lt;br /&gt;stalls was quite empty. Her husband tells her, Elise L---- and her&lt;br /&gt;fiancé had intended coming, but could only get some cheap seats, three&lt;br /&gt;for one florin fifty kreuzers, and these they would not take. In her&lt;br /&gt;opinion, that would not have mattered very much._&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The origin of the figures from the matter of the dream thoughts and the&lt;br /&gt;changes the figures underwent are of interest. Whence came the one&lt;br /&gt;florin fifty kreuzers? From a trifling occurrence of the previous day.&lt;br /&gt;Her sister-in-law had received 150 florins as a present from her&lt;br /&gt;husband, and had quickly got rid of it by buying some ornament. Note&lt;br /&gt;that 150 florins is one hundred times one florin fifty kreuzers. For the&lt;br /&gt;_three_ concerned with the tickets, the only link is that Elise L---- is&lt;br /&gt;exactly three months younger than the dreamer. The scene in the dream is&lt;br /&gt;the repetition of a little adventure for which she has often been teased&lt;br /&gt;by her husband. She was once in a great hurry to get tickets in time for&lt;br /&gt;a piece, and when she came to the theater _one side of the stalls was&lt;br /&gt;almost empty_. It was therefore quite unnecessary for her to have been&lt;br /&gt;in _such a hurry_. Nor must we overlook the absurdity of the dream that&lt;br /&gt;two persons should take three tickets for the theater.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now for the dream ideas. It was _stupid_ to have married so early; I&lt;br /&gt;_need not_ have been _in so great a hurry_. Elise L----'s example shows&lt;br /&gt;me that I should have been able to get a husband later; indeed, one a&lt;br /&gt;_hundred times better_ if I had but waited. I could have bought _three_&lt;br /&gt;such men with the money (dowry).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] "Ich möchte gerne etwas geniessen ohne 'Kosten' zu haben." A a pun&lt;br /&gt;upon the word "kosten," which has two meanings--"taste" and "cost." In&lt;br /&gt;"Die Traumdeutung," third edition, p. 71 footnote, Professor Freud&lt;br /&gt;remarks that "the finest example of dream interpretation left us by the&lt;br /&gt;ancients is based upon a pun" (from "The Interpretation of Dreams," by&lt;br /&gt;Artemidorus Daldianus). "Moreover, dreams are so intimately bound up&lt;br /&gt;with language that Ferenczi truly points out that every tongue has its&lt;br /&gt;own language of dreams. A dream is as a rule untranslatable into other&lt;br /&gt;languages."--TRANSLATOR.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] It is worthy of remark that eminent philologists maintain that the&lt;br /&gt;oldest languages used the same word for expressing quite general&lt;br /&gt;antitheses. In C. Abel's essay, "Ueber den Gegensinn der Urworter"&lt;br /&gt;(1884, the following examples of such words in England are given:&lt;br /&gt;"gleam--gloom"; "to lock--loch"; "down--The Downs"; "to step--to stop."&lt;br /&gt;In his essay on "The Origin of Language" ("Linguistic Essays," p. 240),&lt;br /&gt;Abel says: "When the Englishman says 'without,' is not his judgment&lt;br /&gt;based upon the comparative juxtaposition of two opposites, 'with' and&lt;br /&gt;'out'; 'with' itself originally meant 'without,' as may still be seen in&lt;br /&gt;'withdraw.' 'Bid' includes the opposite sense of giving and of&lt;br /&gt;proffering." Abel, "The English Verbs of Command," "Linguistic Essays,"&lt;br /&gt;p. 104; see also Freud, "Ueber den Gegensinn der Urworte"; _Jahrbuch für&lt;br /&gt;Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen_, Band II., part&lt;br /&gt;i., p. 179).--TRANSLATOR.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;III&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WHY THE DREAM DISGUISES THE DESIRES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the foregoing exposition we have now learnt something of the dream&lt;br /&gt;work; we must regard it as a quite special psychical process, which, so&lt;br /&gt;far as we are aware, resembles nothing else. To the dream work has been&lt;br /&gt;transferred that bewilderment which its product, the dream, has aroused&lt;br /&gt;in us. In truth, the dream work is only the first recognition of a group&lt;br /&gt;of psychical processes to which must be referred the origin of&lt;br /&gt;hysterical symptoms, the ideas of morbid dread, obsession, and illusion.&lt;br /&gt;Condensation, and especially displacement, are never-failing features in&lt;br /&gt;these other processes. The regard for appearance remains, on the other&lt;br /&gt;hand, peculiar to the dream work. If this explanation brings the dream&lt;br /&gt;into line with the formation of psychical disease, it becomes the more&lt;br /&gt;important to fathom the essential conditions of processes like dream&lt;br /&gt;building. It will be probably a surprise to hear that neither the state&lt;br /&gt;of sleep nor illness is among the indispensable conditions. A whole&lt;br /&gt;number of phenomena of the everyday life of healthy persons,&lt;br /&gt;forgetfulness, slips in speaking and in holding things, together with a&lt;br /&gt;certain class of mistakes, are due to a psychical mechanism analogous to&lt;br /&gt;that of the dream and the other members of this group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Displacement is the core of the problem, and the most striking of all&lt;br /&gt;the dream performances. A thorough investigation of the subject shows&lt;br /&gt;that the essential condition of displacement is purely psychological; it&lt;br /&gt;is in the nature of a motive. We get on the track by thrashing out&lt;br /&gt;experiences which one cannot avoid in the analysis of dreams. I had to&lt;br /&gt;break off the relations of my dream thoughts in the analysis of my dream&lt;br /&gt;on p. 8 because I found some experiences which I do not wish strangers&lt;br /&gt;to know, and which I could not relate without serious damage to&lt;br /&gt;important considerations. I added, it would be no use were I to select&lt;br /&gt;another instead of that particular dream; in every dream where the&lt;br /&gt;content is obscure or intricate, I should hit upon dream thoughts which&lt;br /&gt;call for secrecy. If, however, I continue the analysis for myself,&lt;br /&gt;without regard to those others, for whom, indeed, so personal an event&lt;br /&gt;as my dream cannot matter, I arrive finally at ideas which surprise me,&lt;br /&gt;which I have not known to be mine, which not only appear _foreign_ to&lt;br /&gt;me, but which are _unpleasant_, and which I would like to oppose&lt;br /&gt;vehemently, whilst the chain of ideas running through the analysis&lt;br /&gt;intrudes upon me inexorably. I can only take these circumstances into&lt;br /&gt;account by admitting that these thoughts are actually part of my&lt;br /&gt;psychical life, possessing a certain psychical intensity or energy.&lt;br /&gt;However, by virtue of a particular psychological condition, the&lt;br /&gt;_thoughts could not become conscious to me_. I call this particular&lt;br /&gt;condition "_Repression_." It is therefore impossible for me not to&lt;br /&gt;recognize some casual relationship between the obscurity of the dream&lt;br /&gt;content and this state of repression--this _incapacity of&lt;br /&gt;consciousness_. Whence I conclude that the cause of the obscurity is&lt;br /&gt;_the desire to conceal these thoughts_. Thus I arrive at the conception&lt;br /&gt;of the _dream distortion_ as the deed of the dream work, and of&lt;br /&gt;_displacement_ serving to disguise this object.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will test this in my own dream, and ask myself, What is the thought&lt;br /&gt;which, quite innocuous in its distorted form, provokes my liveliest&lt;br /&gt;opposition in its real form? I remember that the free drive reminded me&lt;br /&gt;of the last expensive drive with a member of my family, the&lt;br /&gt;interpretation of the dream being: I should for once like to experience&lt;br /&gt;affection for which I should not have to pay, and that shortly before&lt;br /&gt;the dream I had to make a heavy disbursement for this very person. In&lt;br /&gt;this connection, I cannot get away from the thought _that I regret this&lt;br /&gt;disbursement_. It is only when I acknowledge this feeling that there is&lt;br /&gt;any sense in my wishing in the dream for an affection that should entail&lt;br /&gt;no outlay. And yet I can state on my honor that I did not hesitate for a&lt;br /&gt;moment when it became necessary to expend that sum. The regret, the&lt;br /&gt;counter-current, was unconscious to me. Why it was unconscious is quite&lt;br /&gt;another question which would lead us far away from the answer which,&lt;br /&gt;though within my knowledge, belongs elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If I subject the dream of another person instead of one of my own to&lt;br /&gt;analysis, the result is the same; the motives for convincing others is,&lt;br /&gt;however, changed. In the dream of a healthy person the only way for me&lt;br /&gt;to enable him to accept this repressed idea is the coherence of the&lt;br /&gt;dream thoughts. He is at liberty to reject this explanation. But if we&lt;br /&gt;are dealing with a person suffering from any neurosis--say from&lt;br /&gt;hysteria--the recognition of these repressed ideas is compulsory by&lt;br /&gt;reason of their connection with the symptoms of his illness and of the&lt;br /&gt;improvement resulting from exchanging the symptoms for the repressed&lt;br /&gt;ideas. Take the patient from whom I got the last dream about the three&lt;br /&gt;tickets for one florin fifty kreuzers. Analysis shows that she does not&lt;br /&gt;think highly of her husband, that she regrets having married him, that&lt;br /&gt;she would be glad to change him for some one else. It is true that she&lt;br /&gt;maintains that she loves her husband, that her emotional life knows&lt;br /&gt;nothing about this depreciation (a hundred times better!), but all her&lt;br /&gt;symptoms lead to the same conclusion as this dream. When her repressed&lt;br /&gt;memories had rewakened a certain period when she was conscious that she&lt;br /&gt;did not love her husband, her symptoms disappeared, and therewith&lt;br /&gt;disappeared her resistance to the interpretation of the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This conception of repression once fixed, together with the distortion&lt;br /&gt;of the dream in relation to repressed psychical matter, we are in a&lt;br /&gt;position to give a general exposition of the principal results which the&lt;br /&gt;analysis of dreams supplies. We learnt that the most intelligible and&lt;br /&gt;meaningful dreams are unrealized desires; the desires they pictured as&lt;br /&gt;realized are known to consciousness, have been held over from the&lt;br /&gt;daytime, and are of absorbing interest. The analysis of obscure and&lt;br /&gt;intricate dreams discloses something very similar; the dream scene again&lt;br /&gt;pictures as realized some desire which regularly proceeds from the dream&lt;br /&gt;ideas, but the picture is unrecognizable, and is only cleared up in the&lt;br /&gt;analysis. The desire itself is either one repressed, foreign to&lt;br /&gt;consciousness, or it is closely bound up with repressed ideas. The&lt;br /&gt;formula for these dreams may be thus stated: _They are concealed&lt;br /&gt;realizations of repressed desires_. It is interesting to note that they&lt;br /&gt;are right who regard the dream as foretelling the future. Although the&lt;br /&gt;future which the dream shows us is not that which will occur, but that&lt;br /&gt;which we would like to occur. Folk psychology proceeds here according to&lt;br /&gt;its wont; it believes what it wishes to believe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dreams can be divided into three classes according to their relation&lt;br /&gt;towards the realization of desire. Firstly come those which exhibit a&lt;br /&gt;_non-repressed, non-concealed desire_; these are dreams of the infantile&lt;br /&gt;type, becoming ever rarer among adults. Secondly, dreams which express&lt;br /&gt;in _veiled_ form some _repressed desire_; these constitute by far the&lt;br /&gt;larger number of our dreams, and they require analysis for their&lt;br /&gt;understanding. Thirdly, these dreams where repression exists, but&lt;br /&gt;_without_ or with but slight concealment. These dreams are invariably&lt;br /&gt;accompanied by a feeling of dread which brings the dream to an end. This&lt;br /&gt;feeling of dread here replaces dream displacement; I regarded the dream&lt;br /&gt;work as having prevented this in the dream of the second class. It is&lt;br /&gt;not very difficult to prove that what is now present as intense dread in&lt;br /&gt;the dream was once desire, and is now secondary to the repression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are also definite dreams with a painful content, without the&lt;br /&gt;presence of any anxiety in the dream. These cannot be reckoned among&lt;br /&gt;dreams of dread; they have, however, always been used to prove the&lt;br /&gt;unimportance and the psychical futility of dreams. An analysis of such&lt;br /&gt;an example will show that it belongs to our second class of dreams--a&lt;br /&gt;_perfectly concealed_ realization of repressed desires. Analysis will&lt;br /&gt;demonstrate at the same time how excellently adapted is the work of&lt;br /&gt;displacement to the concealment of desires.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A girl dreamt that she saw lying dead before her the only surviving&lt;br /&gt;child of her sister amid the same surroundings as a few years before she&lt;br /&gt;saw the first child lying dead. She was not sensible of any pain, but&lt;br /&gt;naturally combatted the view that the scene represented a desire of&lt;br /&gt;hers. Nor was that view necessary. Years ago it was at the funeral of&lt;br /&gt;the child that she had last seen and spoken to the man she loved. Were&lt;br /&gt;the second child to die, she would be sure to meet this man again in her&lt;br /&gt;sister's house. She is longing to meet him, but struggles against this&lt;br /&gt;feeling. The day of the dream she had taken a ticket for a lecture,&lt;br /&gt;which announced the presence of the man she always loved. The dream is&lt;br /&gt;simply a dream of impatience common to those which happen before a&lt;br /&gt;journey, theater, or simply anticipated pleasures. The longing is&lt;br /&gt;concealed by the shifting of the scene to the occasion when any joyous&lt;br /&gt;feeling were out of place, and yet where it did once exist. Note,&lt;br /&gt;further, that the emotional behavior in the dream is adapted, not to the&lt;br /&gt;displaced, but to the real but suppressed dream ideas. The scene&lt;br /&gt;anticipates the long-hoped-for meeting; there is here no call for&lt;br /&gt;painful emotions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There has hitherto been no occasion for philosophers to bestir&lt;br /&gt;themselves with a psychology of repression. We must be allowed to&lt;br /&gt;construct some clear conception as to the origin of dreams as the first&lt;br /&gt;steps in this unknown territory. The scheme which we have formulated not&lt;br /&gt;only from a study of dreams is, it is true, already somewhat&lt;br /&gt;complicated, but we cannot find any simpler one that will suffice. We&lt;br /&gt;hold that our psychical apparatus contains two procedures for the&lt;br /&gt;construction of thoughts. The second one has the advantage that its&lt;br /&gt;products find an open path to consciousness, whilst the activity of the&lt;br /&gt;first procedure is unknown to itself, and can only arrive at&lt;br /&gt;consciousness through the second one. At the borderland of these two&lt;br /&gt;procedures, where the first passes over into the second, a censorship&lt;br /&gt;is established which only passes what pleases it, keeping back&lt;br /&gt;everything else. That which is rejected by the censorship is, according&lt;br /&gt;to our definition, in a state of repression. Under certain conditions,&lt;br /&gt;one of which is the sleeping state, the balance of power between the two&lt;br /&gt;procedures is so changed that what is repressed can no longer be kept&lt;br /&gt;back. In the sleeping state this may possibly occur through the&lt;br /&gt;negligence of the censor; what has been hitherto repressed will now&lt;br /&gt;succeed in finding its way to consciousness. But as the censorship is&lt;br /&gt;never absent, but merely off guard, certain alterations must be conceded&lt;br /&gt;so as to placate it. It is a compromise which becomes conscious in this&lt;br /&gt;case--a compromise between what one procedure has in view and the&lt;br /&gt;demands of the other. _Repression, laxity of the censor,&lt;br /&gt;compromise_--this is the foundation for the origin of many another&lt;br /&gt;psychological process, just as it is for the dream. In such compromises&lt;br /&gt;we can observe the processes of condensation, of displacement, the&lt;br /&gt;acceptance of superficial associations, which we have found in the dream&lt;br /&gt;work.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not for us to deny the demonic element which has played a part in&lt;br /&gt;constructing our explanation of dream work. The impression left is that&lt;br /&gt;the formation of obscure dreams proceeds as if a person had something&lt;br /&gt;to say which must be agreeable for another person upon whom he is&lt;br /&gt;dependent to hear. It is by the use of this image that we figure to&lt;br /&gt;ourselves the conception of the _dream distortion_ and of the&lt;br /&gt;censorship, and ventured to crystallize our impression in a rather&lt;br /&gt;crude, but at least definite, psychological theory. Whatever explanation&lt;br /&gt;the future may offer of these first and second procedures, we shall&lt;br /&gt;expect a confirmation of our correlate that the second procedure&lt;br /&gt;commands the entrance to consciousness, and can exclude the first from&lt;br /&gt;consciousness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once the sleeping state overcome, the censorship resumes complete sway,&lt;br /&gt;and is now able to revoke that which was granted in a moment of&lt;br /&gt;weakness. That the _forgetting_ of dreams explains this in part, at&lt;br /&gt;least, we are convinced by our experience, confirmed again and again.&lt;br /&gt;During the relation of a dream, or during analysis of one, it not&lt;br /&gt;infrequently happens that some fragment of the dream is suddenly&lt;br /&gt;forgotten. This fragment so forgotten invariably contains the best and&lt;br /&gt;readiest approach to an understanding of the dream. Probably that is why&lt;br /&gt;it sinks into oblivion--_i.e._, into a renewed suppression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Viewing the dream content as the representation of a realized desire,&lt;br /&gt;and referring its vagueness to the changes made by the censor in the&lt;br /&gt;repressed matter, it is no longer difficult to grasp the function of&lt;br /&gt;dreams. In fundamental contrast with those saws which assume that sleep&lt;br /&gt;is disturbed by dreams, we hold the _dream as the guardian of sleep_. So&lt;br /&gt;far as children's dreams are concerned, our view should find ready&lt;br /&gt;acceptance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sleeping state or the psychical change to sleep, whatsoever it be,&lt;br /&gt;is brought about by the child being sent to sleep or compelled thereto&lt;br /&gt;by fatigue, only assisted by the removal of all stimuli which might open&lt;br /&gt;other objects to the psychical apparatus. The means which serve to keep&lt;br /&gt;external stimuli distant are known; but what are the means we can employ&lt;br /&gt;to depress the internal psychical stimuli which frustrate sleep? Look at&lt;br /&gt;a mother getting her child to sleep. The child is full of beseeching; he&lt;br /&gt;wants another kiss; he wants to play yet awhile. His requirements are in&lt;br /&gt;part met, in part drastically put off till the following day. Clearly&lt;br /&gt;these desires and needs, which agitate him, are hindrances to sleep.&lt;br /&gt;Every one knows the charming story of the bad boy (Baldwin Groller's)&lt;br /&gt;who awoke at night bellowing out, "_I want the rhinoceros_." A really&lt;br /&gt;good boy, instead of bellowing, would have _dreamt_ that he was playing&lt;br /&gt;with the rhinoceros. Because the dream which realizes his desire is&lt;br /&gt;believed during sleep, it removes the desire and makes sleep possible.&lt;br /&gt;It cannot be denied that this belief accords with the dream image,&lt;br /&gt;because it is arrayed in the psychical appearance of probability; the&lt;br /&gt;child is without the capacity which it will acquire later to distinguish&lt;br /&gt;hallucinations or phantasies from reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The adult has learnt this differentiation; he has also learnt the&lt;br /&gt;futility of desire, and by continuous practice manages to postpone his&lt;br /&gt;aspirations, until they can be granted in some roundabout method by a&lt;br /&gt;change in the external world. For this reason it is rare for him to have&lt;br /&gt;his wishes realized during sleep in the short psychical way. It is even&lt;br /&gt;possible that this never happens, and that everything which appears to&lt;br /&gt;us like a child's dream demands a much more elaborate explanation. Thus&lt;br /&gt;it is that for adults--for every sane person without exception--a&lt;br /&gt;differentiation of the psychical matter has been fashioned which the&lt;br /&gt;child knew not. A psychical procedure has been reached which, informed&lt;br /&gt;by the experience of life, exercises with jealous power a dominating and&lt;br /&gt;restraining influence upon psychical emotions; by its relation to&lt;br /&gt;consciousness, and by its spontaneous mobility, it is endowed with the&lt;br /&gt;greatest means of psychical power. A portion of the infantile emotions&lt;br /&gt;has been withheld from this procedure as useless to life, and all the&lt;br /&gt;thoughts which flow from these are found in the state of repression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whilst the procedure in which we recognize our normal ego reposes upon&lt;br /&gt;the desire for sleep, it appears compelled by the psycho-physiological&lt;br /&gt;conditions of sleep to abandon some of the energy with which it was wont&lt;br /&gt;during the day to keep down what was repressed. This neglect is really&lt;br /&gt;harmless; however much the emotions of the child's spirit may be&lt;br /&gt;stirred, they find the approach to consciousness rendered difficult, and&lt;br /&gt;that to movement blocked in consequence of the state of sleep. The&lt;br /&gt;danger of their disturbing sleep must, however, be avoided. Moreover, we&lt;br /&gt;must admit that even in deep sleep some amount of free attention is&lt;br /&gt;exerted as a protection against sense-stimuli which might, perchance,&lt;br /&gt;make an awakening seem wiser than the continuance of sleep. Otherwise we&lt;br /&gt;could not explain the fact of our being always awakened by stimuli of&lt;br /&gt;certain quality. As the old physiologist Burdach pointed out, the mother&lt;br /&gt;is awakened by the whimpering of her child, the miller by the cessation&lt;br /&gt;of his mill, most people by gently calling out their names. This&lt;br /&gt;attention, thus on the alert, makes use of the internal stimuli arising&lt;br /&gt;from repressed desires, and fuses them into the dream, which as a&lt;br /&gt;compromise satisfies both procedures at the same time. The dream creates&lt;br /&gt;a form of psychical release for the wish which is either suppressed or&lt;br /&gt;formed by the aid of repression, inasmuch as it presents it as realized.&lt;br /&gt;The other procedure is also satisfied, since the continuance of the&lt;br /&gt;sleep is assured. Our ego here gladly behaves like a child; it makes the&lt;br /&gt;dream pictures believable, saying, as it were, "Quite right, but let me&lt;br /&gt;sleep." The contempt which, once awakened, we bear the dream, and which&lt;br /&gt;rests upon the absurdity and apparent illogicality of the dream, is&lt;br /&gt;probably nothing but the reasoning of our sleeping ego on the feelings&lt;br /&gt;about what was repressed; with greater right it should rest upon the&lt;br /&gt;incompetency of this disturber of our sleep. In sleep we are now and&lt;br /&gt;then aware of this contempt; the dream content transcends the censorship&lt;br /&gt;rather too much, we think, "It's only a dream," and sleep on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is no objection to this view if there are borderlines for the dream&lt;br /&gt;where its function, to preserve sleep from interruption, can no longer&lt;br /&gt;be maintained--as in the dreams of impending dread. It is here changed&lt;br /&gt;for another function--to suspend the sleep at the proper time. It acts&lt;br /&gt;like a conscientious night-watchman, who first does his duty by quelling&lt;br /&gt;disturbances so as not to waken the citizen, but equally does his duty&lt;br /&gt;quite properly when he awakens the street should the causes of the&lt;br /&gt;trouble seem to him serious and himself unable to cope with them alone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This function of dreams becomes especially well marked when there arises&lt;br /&gt;some incentive for the sense perception. That the senses aroused during&lt;br /&gt;sleep influence the dream is well known, and can be experimentally&lt;br /&gt;verified; it is one of the certain but much overestimated results of the&lt;br /&gt;medical investigation of dreams. Hitherto there has been an insoluble&lt;br /&gt;riddle connected with this discovery. The stimulus to the sense by which&lt;br /&gt;the investigator affects the sleeper is not properly recognized in the&lt;br /&gt;dream, but is intermingled with a number of indefinite interpretations,&lt;br /&gt;whose determination appears left to psychical free-will. There is, of&lt;br /&gt;course, no such psychical free-will. To an external sense-stimulus the&lt;br /&gt;sleeper can react in many ways. Either he awakens or he succeeds in&lt;br /&gt;sleeping on. In the latter case he can make use of the dream to dismiss&lt;br /&gt;the external stimulus, and this, again, in more ways than one. For&lt;br /&gt;instance, he can stay the stimulus by dreaming of a scene which is&lt;br /&gt;absolutely intolerable to him. This was the means used by one who was&lt;br /&gt;troubled by a painful perineal abscess. He dreamt that he was on&lt;br /&gt;horseback, and made use of the poultice, which was intended to&lt;br /&gt;alleviate his pain, as a saddle, and thus got away from the cause of the&lt;br /&gt;trouble. Or, as is more frequently the case, the external stimulus&lt;br /&gt;undergoes a new rendering, which leads him to connect it with a&lt;br /&gt;repressed desire seeking its realization, and robs him of its reality,&lt;br /&gt;and is treated as if it were a part of the psychical matter. Thus, some&lt;br /&gt;one dreamt that he had written a comedy which embodied a definite&lt;br /&gt;_motif_; it was being performed; the first act was over amid&lt;br /&gt;enthusiastic applause; there was great clapping. At this moment the&lt;br /&gt;dreamer must have succeeded in prolonging his sleep despite the&lt;br /&gt;disturbance, for when he woke he no longer heard the noise; he concluded&lt;br /&gt;rightly that some one must have been beating a carpet or bed. The dreams&lt;br /&gt;which come with a loud noise just before waking have all attempted to&lt;br /&gt;cover the stimulus to waking by some other explanation, and thus to&lt;br /&gt;prolong the sleep for a little while.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whosoever has firmly accepted this _censorship_ as the chief motive for&lt;br /&gt;the distortion of dreams will not be surprised to learn as the result of&lt;br /&gt;dream interpretation that most of the dreams of adults are traced by&lt;br /&gt;analysis to erotic desires. This assertion is not drawn from dreams&lt;br /&gt;obviously of a sexual nature, which are known to all dreamers from their&lt;br /&gt;own experience, and are the only ones usually described as "sexual&lt;br /&gt;dreams." These dreams are ever sufficiently mysterious by reason of the&lt;br /&gt;choice of persons who are made the objects of sex, the removal of all&lt;br /&gt;the barriers which cry halt to the dreamer's sexual needs in his waking&lt;br /&gt;state, the many strange reminders as to details of what are called&lt;br /&gt;perversions. But analysis discovers that, in many other dreams in whose&lt;br /&gt;manifest content nothing erotic can be found, the work of interpretation&lt;br /&gt;shows them up as, in reality, realization of sexual desires; whilst, on&lt;br /&gt;the other hand, that much of the thought-making when awake, the thoughts&lt;br /&gt;saved us as surplus from the day only, reaches presentation in dreams&lt;br /&gt;with the help of repressed erotic desires.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Towards the explanation of this statement, which is no theoretical&lt;br /&gt;postulate, it must be remembered that no other class of instincts has&lt;br /&gt;required so vast a suppression at the behest of civilization as the&lt;br /&gt;sexual, whilst their mastery by the highest psychical processes are in&lt;br /&gt;most persons soonest of all relinquished. Since we have learnt to&lt;br /&gt;understand _infantile sexuality_, often so vague in its expression, so&lt;br /&gt;invariably overlooked and misunderstood, we are justified in saying that&lt;br /&gt;nearly every civilized person has retained at some point or other the&lt;br /&gt;infantile type of sex life; thus we understand that repressed infantile&lt;br /&gt;sex desires furnish the most frequent and most powerful impulses for the&lt;br /&gt;formation of dreams.[1]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the dream, which is the expression of some erotic desire, succeeds in&lt;br /&gt;making its manifest content appear innocently asexual, it is only&lt;br /&gt;possible in one way. The matter of these sexual presentations cannot be&lt;br /&gt;exhibited as such, but must be replaced by allusions, suggestions, and&lt;br /&gt;similar indirect means; differing from other cases of indirect&lt;br /&gt;presentation, those used in dreams must be deprived of direct&lt;br /&gt;understanding. The means of presentation which answer these requirements&lt;br /&gt;are commonly termed "symbols." A special interest has been directed&lt;br /&gt;towards these, since it has been observed that the dreamers of the same&lt;br /&gt;language use the like symbols--indeed, that in certain cases community&lt;br /&gt;of symbol is greater than community of speech. Since the dreamers do not&lt;br /&gt;themselves know the meaning of the symbols they use, it remains a puzzle&lt;br /&gt;whence arises their relationship with what they replace and denote. The&lt;br /&gt;fact itself is undoubted, and becomes of importance for the technique of&lt;br /&gt;the interpretation of dreams, since by the aid of a knowledge of this&lt;br /&gt;symbolism it is possible to understand the meaning of the elements of a&lt;br /&gt;dream, or parts of a dream, occasionally even the whole dream itself,&lt;br /&gt;without having to question the dreamer as to his own ideas. We thus come&lt;br /&gt;near to the popular idea of an interpretation of dreams, and, on the&lt;br /&gt;other hand, possess again the technique of the ancients, among whom the&lt;br /&gt;interpretation of dreams was identical with their explanation through&lt;br /&gt;symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though the study of dream symbolism is far removed from finality, we now&lt;br /&gt;possess a series of general statements and of particular observations&lt;br /&gt;which are quite certain. There are symbols which practically always have&lt;br /&gt;the same meaning: Emperor and Empress (King and Queen) always mean the&lt;br /&gt;parents; room, a woman[2], and so on. The sexes are represented by a&lt;br /&gt;great variety of symbols, many of which would be at first quite&lt;br /&gt;incomprehensible had not the clews to the meaning been often obtained&lt;br /&gt;through other channels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are symbols of universal circulation, found in all dreamers, of&lt;br /&gt;one range of speech and culture; there are others of the narrowest&lt;br /&gt;individual significance which an individual has built up out of his own&lt;br /&gt;material. In the first class those can be differentiated whose claim can&lt;br /&gt;be at once recognized by the replacement of sexual things in common&lt;br /&gt;speech (those, for instance, arising from agriculture, as reproduction,&lt;br /&gt;seed) from others whose sexual references appear to reach back to the&lt;br /&gt;earliest times and to the obscurest depths of our image-building. The&lt;br /&gt;power of building symbols in both these special forms of symbols has not&lt;br /&gt;died out. Recently discovered things, like the airship, are at once&lt;br /&gt;brought into universal use as sex symbols.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It would be quite an error to suppose that a profounder knowledge of&lt;br /&gt;dream symbolism (the "Language of Dreams") would make us independent of&lt;br /&gt;questioning the dreamer regarding his impressions about the dream, and&lt;br /&gt;would give us back the whole technique of ancient dream interpreters.&lt;br /&gt;Apart from individual symbols and the variations in the use of what is&lt;br /&gt;general, one never knows whether an element in the dream is to be&lt;br /&gt;understood symbolically or in its proper meaning; the whole content of&lt;br /&gt;the dream is certainly not to be interpreted symbolically. The knowledge&lt;br /&gt;of dream symbols will only help us in understanding portions of the&lt;br /&gt;dream content, and does not render the use of the technical rules&lt;br /&gt;previously given at all superfluous. But it must be of the greatest&lt;br /&gt;service in interpreting a dream just when the impressions of the dreamer&lt;br /&gt;are withheld or are insufficient.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dream symbolism proves also indispensable for understanding the&lt;br /&gt;so-called "typical" dreams and the dreams that "repeat themselves."&lt;br /&gt;Dream symbolism leads us far beyond the dream; it does not belong only&lt;br /&gt;to dreams, but is likewise dominant in legend, myth, and saga, in wit&lt;br /&gt;and in folklore. It compels us to pursue the inner meaning of the dream&lt;br /&gt;in these productions. But we must acknowledge that symbolism is not a&lt;br /&gt;result of the dream work, but is a peculiarity probably of our&lt;br /&gt;unconscious thinking, which furnishes to the dream work the matter for&lt;br /&gt;condensation, displacement, and dramatization.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] Freud, "Three Contributions to Sexual Theory," translated by A.A.&lt;br /&gt;Brill (_Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_ Publishing Company, New&lt;br /&gt;York).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] The words from "and" to "channels" in the next sentence is a short&lt;br /&gt;summary of the passage in the original. As this book will be read by&lt;br /&gt;other than professional people the passage has not been translated, in&lt;br /&gt;deference to English opinion.--TRANSLATOR.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DREAM ANALYSIS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhaps we shall now begin to suspect that dream interpretation is&lt;br /&gt;capable of giving us hints about the structure of our psychic apparatus&lt;br /&gt;which we have thus far expected in vain from philosophy. We shall not,&lt;br /&gt;however, follow this track, but return to our original problem as soon&lt;br /&gt;as we have cleared up the subject of dream-disfigurement. The question&lt;br /&gt;has arisen how dreams with disagreeable content can be analyzed as the&lt;br /&gt;fulfillment of wishes. We see now that this is possible in case&lt;br /&gt;dream-disfigurement has taken place, in case the disagreeable content&lt;br /&gt;serves only as a disguise for what is wished. Keeping in mind our&lt;br /&gt;assumptions in regard to the two psychic instances, we may now proceed&lt;br /&gt;to say: disagreeable dreams, as a matter of fact, contain something&lt;br /&gt;which is disagreeable to the second instance, but which at the same time&lt;br /&gt;fulfills a wish of the first instance. They are wish dreams in the sense&lt;br /&gt;that every dream originates in the first instance, while the second&lt;br /&gt;instance acts towards the dream only in repelling, not in a creative&lt;br /&gt;manner. If we limit ourselves to a consideration of what the second&lt;br /&gt;instance contributes to the dream, we can never understand the dream. If&lt;br /&gt;we do so, all the riddles which the authors have found in the dream&lt;br /&gt;remain unsolved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That the dream actually has a secret meaning, which turns out to be the&lt;br /&gt;fulfillment of a wish, must be proved afresh for every case by means of&lt;br /&gt;an analysis. I therefore select several dreams which have painful&lt;br /&gt;contents and attempt an analysis of them. They are partly dreams of&lt;br /&gt;hysterical subjects, which require long preliminary statements, and now&lt;br /&gt;and then also an examination of the psychic processes which occur in&lt;br /&gt;hysteria. I cannot, however, avoid this added difficulty in the&lt;br /&gt;exposition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I give a psychoneurotic patient analytical treatment, dreams are&lt;br /&gt;always, as I have said, the subject of our discussion. It must,&lt;br /&gt;therefore, give him all the psychological explanations through whose aid&lt;br /&gt;I myself have come to an understanding of his symptoms, and here I&lt;br /&gt;undergo an unsparing criticism, which is perhaps not less keen than that&lt;br /&gt;I must expect from my colleagues. Contradiction of the thesis that all&lt;br /&gt;dreams are the fulfillments of wishes is raised by my patients with&lt;br /&gt;perfect regularity. Here are several examples of the dream material&lt;br /&gt;which is offered me to refute this position.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"You always tell me that the dream is a wish fulfilled," begins a clever&lt;br /&gt;lady patient. "Now I shall tell you a dream in which the content is&lt;br /&gt;quite the opposite, in which a wish of mine is _not_ fulfilled. How do&lt;br /&gt;you reconcile that with your theory? The dream is as follows:--&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_"I want to give a supper, but having nothing at hand except some smoked&lt;br /&gt;salmon, I think of going marketing, but I remember that it is Sunday&lt;br /&gt;afternoon, when all the shops are closed. I next try to telephone to&lt;br /&gt;some caterers, but the telephone is out of order.... Thus I must resign&lt;br /&gt;my wish to give a supper."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I answer, of course, that only the analysis can decide the meaning of&lt;br /&gt;this dream, although I admit that at first sight it seems sensible and&lt;br /&gt;coherent, and looks like the opposite of a wish-fulfillment. "But what&lt;br /&gt;occurrence has given rise to this dream?" I ask. "You know that the&lt;br /&gt;stimulus for a dream always lies among the experiences of the preceding&lt;br /&gt;day."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_Analysis._--The husband of the patient, an upright and conscientious&lt;br /&gt;wholesale butcher, had told her the day before that he is growing too&lt;br /&gt;fat, and that he must, therefore, begin treatment for obesity. He was&lt;br /&gt;going to get up early, take exercise, keep to a strict diet, and above&lt;br /&gt;all accept no more invitations to suppers. She proceeds laughingly to&lt;br /&gt;relate how her husband at an inn table had made the acquaintance of an&lt;br /&gt;artist, who insisted upon painting his portrait because he, the painter,&lt;br /&gt;had never found such an expressive head. But her husband had answered in&lt;br /&gt;his rough way, that he was very thankful for the honor, but that he was&lt;br /&gt;quite convinced that a portion of the backside of a pretty young girl&lt;br /&gt;would please the artist better than his whole face[1]. She said that she&lt;br /&gt;was at the time very much in love with her husband, and teased him a&lt;br /&gt;good deal. She had also asked him not to send her any caviare. What does&lt;br /&gt;that mean?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a matter of fact, she had wanted for a long time to eat a caviare&lt;br /&gt;sandwich every forenoon, but had grudged herself the expense. Of course,&lt;br /&gt;she would at once get the caviare from her husband, as soon as she asked&lt;br /&gt;him for it. But she had begged him, on the contrary, not to send her the&lt;br /&gt;caviare, in order that she might tease him about it longer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This explanation seems far-fetched to me. Unadmitted motives are in the&lt;br /&gt;habit of hiding behind such unsatisfactory explanations. We are reminded&lt;br /&gt;of subjects hypnotized by Bernheim, who carried out a posthypnotic&lt;br /&gt;order, and who, upon being asked for their motives, instead of&lt;br /&gt;answering: "I do not know why I did that," had to invent a reason that&lt;br /&gt;was obviously inadequate. Something similar is probably the case with&lt;br /&gt;the caviare of my patient. I see that she is compelled to create an&lt;br /&gt;unfulfilled wish in life. Her dream also shows the reproduction of the&lt;br /&gt;wish as accomplished. But why does she need an unfulfilled wish?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ideas so far produced are insufficient for the interpretation of the&lt;br /&gt;dream. I beg for more. After a short pause, which corresponds to the&lt;br /&gt;overcoming of a resistance, she reports further that the day before she&lt;br /&gt;had made a visit to a friend, of whom she is really jealous, because her&lt;br /&gt;husband is always praising this woman so much. Fortunately, this friend&lt;br /&gt;is very lean and thin, and her husband likes well-rounded figures. Now&lt;br /&gt;of what did this lean friend speak? Naturally of her wish to become&lt;br /&gt;somewhat stouter. She also asked my patient: "When are you going to&lt;br /&gt;invite us again? You always have such a good table."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now the meaning of the dream is clear. I may say to the patient: "It is&lt;br /&gt;just as though you had thought at the time of the request: 'Of course,&lt;br /&gt;I'll invite you, so you can eat yourself fat at my house and become&lt;br /&gt;still more pleasing to my husband. I would rather give no more suppers.'&lt;br /&gt;The dream then tells you that you cannot give a supper, thereby&lt;br /&gt;fulfilling your wish not to contribute anything to the rounding out of&lt;br /&gt;your friend's figure. The resolution of your husband to refuse&lt;br /&gt;invitations to supper for the sake of getting thin teaches you that one&lt;br /&gt;grows fat on the things served in company." Now only some conversation&lt;br /&gt;is necessary to confirm the solution. The smoked salmon in the dream has&lt;br /&gt;not yet been traced. "How did the salmon mentioned in the dream occur to&lt;br /&gt;you?" "Smoked salmon is the favorite dish of this friend," she answered.&lt;br /&gt;I happen to know the lady, and may corroborate this by saying that she&lt;br /&gt;grudges herself the salmon just as much as my patient grudges herself&lt;br /&gt;the caviare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dream admits of still another and more exact interpretation, which&lt;br /&gt;is necessitated only by a subordinate circumstance. The two&lt;br /&gt;interpretations do not contradict one another, but rather cover each&lt;br /&gt;other and furnish a neat example of the usual ambiguity of dreams as&lt;br /&gt;well as of all other psychopathological formations. We have seen that at&lt;br /&gt;the same time that she dreams of the denial of the wish, the patient is&lt;br /&gt;in reality occupied in securing an unfulfilled wish (the caviare&lt;br /&gt;sandwiches). Her friend, too, had expressed a wish, namely, to get&lt;br /&gt;fatter, and it would not surprise us if our lady had dreamt that the&lt;br /&gt;wish of the friend was not being fulfilled. For it is her own wish that&lt;br /&gt;a wish of her friend's--for increase in weight--should not be fulfilled.&lt;br /&gt;Instead of this, however, she dreams that one of her own wishes is not&lt;br /&gt;fulfilled. The dream becomes capable of a new interpretation, if in the&lt;br /&gt;dream she does not intend herself, but her friend, if she has put&lt;br /&gt;herself in the place of her friend, or, as we may say, has identified&lt;br /&gt;herself with her friend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I think she has actually done this, and as a sign of this identification&lt;br /&gt;she has created an unfulfilled wish in reality. But what is the meaning&lt;br /&gt;of this hysterical identification? To clear this up a thorough&lt;br /&gt;exposition is necessary. Identification is a highly important factor in&lt;br /&gt;the mechanism of hysterical symptoms; by this means patients are enabled&lt;br /&gt;in their symptoms to represent not merely their own experiences, but the&lt;br /&gt;experiences of a great number of other persons, and can suffer, as it&lt;br /&gt;were, for a whole mass of people, and fill all the parts of a drama by&lt;br /&gt;means of their own personalities alone. It will here be objected that&lt;br /&gt;this is well-known hysterical imitation, the ability of hysteric&lt;br /&gt;subjects to copy all the symptoms which impress them when they occur in&lt;br /&gt;others, as though their pity were stimulated to the point of&lt;br /&gt;reproduction. But this only indicates the way in which the psychic&lt;br /&gt;process is discharged in hysterical imitation; the way in which a&lt;br /&gt;psychic act proceeds and the act itself are two different things. The&lt;br /&gt;latter is slightly more complicated than one is apt to imagine the&lt;br /&gt;imitation of hysterical subjects to be: it corresponds to an unconscious&lt;br /&gt;concluded process, as an example will show. The physician who has a&lt;br /&gt;female patient with a particular kind of twitching, lodged in the&lt;br /&gt;company of other patients in the same room of the hospital, is not&lt;br /&gt;surprised when some morning he learns that this peculiar hysterical&lt;br /&gt;attack has found imitations. He simply says to himself: The others have&lt;br /&gt;seen her and have done likewise: that is psychic infection. Yes, but&lt;br /&gt;psychic infection proceeds in somewhat the following manner: As a rule,&lt;br /&gt;patients know more about one another than the physician knows about each&lt;br /&gt;of them, and they are concerned about each other when the visit of the&lt;br /&gt;doctor is over. Some of them have an attack to-day: soon it is known&lt;br /&gt;among the rest that a letter from home, a return of lovesickness or the&lt;br /&gt;like, is the cause of it. Their sympathy is aroused, and the following&lt;br /&gt;syllogism, which does not reach consciousness, is completed in them: "If&lt;br /&gt;it is possible to have this kind of an attack from such causes, I too&lt;br /&gt;may have this kind of an attack, for I have the same reasons." If this&lt;br /&gt;were a cycle capable of becoming conscious, it would perhaps express&lt;br /&gt;itself in _fear_ of getting the same attack; but it takes place in&lt;br /&gt;another psychic sphere, and, therefore, ends in the realization of the&lt;br /&gt;dreaded symptom. Identification is therefore not a simple imitation, but&lt;br /&gt;a sympathy based upon the same etiological claim; it expresses an "as&lt;br /&gt;though," and refers to some common quality which has remained in the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Identification is most often used in hysteria to express sexual&lt;br /&gt;community. An hysterical woman identifies herself most readily--although&lt;br /&gt;not exclusively--with persons with whom she has had sexual relations, or&lt;br /&gt;who have sexual intercourse with the same persons as herself. Language&lt;br /&gt;takes such a conception into consideration: two lovers are "one." In the&lt;br /&gt;hysterical phantasy, as well as in the dream, it is sufficient for the&lt;br /&gt;identification if one thinks of sexual relations, whether or not they&lt;br /&gt;become real. The patient, then, only follows the rules of the hysterical&lt;br /&gt;thought processes when she gives expression to her jealousy of her&lt;br /&gt;friend (which, moreover, she herself admits to be unjustified, in that&lt;br /&gt;she puts herself in her place and identifies herself with her by&lt;br /&gt;creating a symptom--the denied wish). I might further clarify the&lt;br /&gt;process specifically as follows: She puts herself in the place of her&lt;br /&gt;friend in the dream, because her friend has taken her own place relation&lt;br /&gt;to her husband, and because she would like to take her friend's place in&lt;br /&gt;the esteem of her husband[2].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The contradiction to my theory of dreams in the case of another female&lt;br /&gt;patient, the most witty among all my dreamers, was solved in a simpler&lt;br /&gt;manner, although according to the scheme that the non-fulfillment of one&lt;br /&gt;wish signifies the fulfillment of another. I had one day explained to&lt;br /&gt;her that the dream is a wish of fulfillment. The next day she brought me&lt;br /&gt;a dream to the effect that she was traveling with her mother-in-law to&lt;br /&gt;their common summer resort. Now I knew that she had struggled violently&lt;br /&gt;against spending the summer in the neighborhood of her mother-in-law. I&lt;br /&gt;also knew that she had luckily avoided her mother-in-law by renting an&lt;br /&gt;estate in a far-distant country resort. Now the dream reversed this&lt;br /&gt;wished-for solution; was not this in the flattest contradiction to my&lt;br /&gt;theory of wish-fulfillment in the dream? Certainly, it was only&lt;br /&gt;necessary to draw the inferences from this dream in order to get at its&lt;br /&gt;interpretation. According to this dream, I was in the wrong. _It was&lt;br /&gt;thus her wish that I should be in the wrong, and this wish the dream&lt;br /&gt;showed her as fulfilled._ But the wish that I should be in the wrong,&lt;br /&gt;which was fulfilled in the theme of the country home, referred to a more&lt;br /&gt;serious matter. At that time I had made up my mind, from the material&lt;br /&gt;furnished by her analysis, that something of significance for her&lt;br /&gt;illness must have occurred at a certain time in her life. She had denied&lt;br /&gt;it because it was not present in her memory. We soon came to see that I&lt;br /&gt;was in the right. Her wish that I should be in the wrong, which is&lt;br /&gt;transformed into the dream, thus corresponded to the justifiable wish&lt;br /&gt;that those things, which at the time had only been suspected, had never&lt;br /&gt;occurred at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Without an analysis, and merely by means of an assumption, I took the&lt;br /&gt;liberty of interpreting a little occurrence in the case of a friend, who&lt;br /&gt;had been my colleague through the eight classes of the Gymnasium. He&lt;br /&gt;once heard a lecture of mine delivered to a small assemblage, on the&lt;br /&gt;novel subject of the dream as the fulfillment of a wish. He went home,&lt;br /&gt;dreamt _that he had lost all his suits_--he was a lawyer--and then&lt;br /&gt;complained to me about it. I took refuge in the evasion: "One can't win&lt;br /&gt;all one's suits," but I thought to myself: "If for eight years I sat as&lt;br /&gt;Primus on the first bench, while he moved around somewhere in the middle&lt;br /&gt;of the class, may he not naturally have had a wish from his boyhood days&lt;br /&gt;that I, too, might for once completely disgrace myself?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the same way another dream of a more gloomy character was offered me&lt;br /&gt;by a female patient as a contradiction to my theory of the wish-dream.&lt;br /&gt;The patient, a young girl, began as follows: "You remember that my&lt;br /&gt;sister has now only one boy, Charles: she lost the elder one, Otto,&lt;br /&gt;while I was still at her house. Otto was my favorite; it was I who&lt;br /&gt;really brought him up. I like the other little fellow, too, but of&lt;br /&gt;course not nearly as much as the dead one. Now I dreamt last night that&lt;br /&gt;_I saw Charles lying dead before me. He was lying in his little coffin,&lt;br /&gt;his hands folded: there were candles all about, and, in short, it was&lt;br /&gt;just like the time of little Otto's death, which shocked me so&lt;br /&gt;profoundly_. Now tell me, what does this mean? You know me: am I really&lt;br /&gt;bad enough to wish my sister to lose the only child she has left? Or&lt;br /&gt;does the dream mean that I wish Charles to be dead rather than Otto,&lt;br /&gt;whom I like so much better?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I assured her that this interpretation was impossible. After some&lt;br /&gt;reflection I was able to give her the interpretation of the dream, which&lt;br /&gt;I subsequently made her confirm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having become an orphan at an early age, the girl had been brought up in&lt;br /&gt;the house of a much older sister, and had met among the friends and&lt;br /&gt;visitors who came to the house, a man who made a lasting impression upon&lt;br /&gt;her heart. It looked for a time as though these barely expressed&lt;br /&gt;relations were to end in marriage, but this happy culmination was&lt;br /&gt;frustrated by the sister, whose motives have never found a complete&lt;br /&gt;explanation. After the break, the man who was loved by our patient&lt;br /&gt;avoided the house: she herself became independent some time after little&lt;br /&gt;Otto's death, to whom her affection had now turned. But she did not&lt;br /&gt;succeed in freeing herself from the inclination for her sister's friend&lt;br /&gt;in which she had become involved. Her pride commanded her to avoid him;&lt;br /&gt;but it was impossible for her to transfer her love to the other suitors&lt;br /&gt;who presented themselves in order. Whenever the man whom she loved, who&lt;br /&gt;was a member of the literary profession, announced a lecture anywhere,&lt;br /&gt;she was sure to be found in the audience; she also seized every other&lt;br /&gt;opportunity to see him from a distance unobserved by him. I remembered&lt;br /&gt;that on the day before she had told me that the Professor was going to a&lt;br /&gt;certain concert, and that she was also going there, in order to enjoy&lt;br /&gt;the sight of him. This was on the day of the dream; and the concert was&lt;br /&gt;to take place on the day on which she told me the dream. I could now&lt;br /&gt;easily see the correct interpretation, and I asked her whether she could&lt;br /&gt;think of any event which had happened after the death of little Otto.&lt;br /&gt;She answered immediately: "Certainly; at that time the Professor&lt;br /&gt;returned after a long absence, and I saw him once more beside the coffin&lt;br /&gt;of little Otto." It was exactly as I had expected. I interpreted the&lt;br /&gt;dream in the following manner: "If now the other boy were to die, the&lt;br /&gt;same thing would be repeated. You would spend the day with your sister,&lt;br /&gt;the Professor would surely come in order to offer condolence, and you&lt;br /&gt;would see him again under the same circumstances as at that time. The&lt;br /&gt;dream signifies nothing but this wish of yours to see him again, against&lt;br /&gt;which you are fighting inwardly. I know that you are carrying the ticket&lt;br /&gt;for to-day's concert in your bag. Your dream is a dream of impatience;&lt;br /&gt;it has anticipated the meeting which is to take place to-day by several&lt;br /&gt;hours."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to disguise her wish she had obviously selected a situation in&lt;br /&gt;which wishes of that sort are commonly suppressed--a situation which is&lt;br /&gt;so filled with sorrow that love is not thought of. And yet, it is very&lt;br /&gt;easily probable that even in the actual situation at the bier of the&lt;br /&gt;second, more dearly loved boy, which the dream copied faithfully, she&lt;br /&gt;had not been able to suppress her feelings of affection for the visitor&lt;br /&gt;whom she had missed for so long a time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A different explanation was found in the case of a similar dream of&lt;br /&gt;another female patient, who was distinguished in her earlier years by&lt;br /&gt;her quick wit and her cheerful demeanors and who still showed these&lt;br /&gt;qualities at least in the notion, which occurred to her in the course of&lt;br /&gt;treatment. In connection with a longer dream, it seemed to this lady&lt;br /&gt;that she saw her fifteen-year-old daughter lying dead before her in a&lt;br /&gt;box. She was strongly inclined to convert this dream-image into an&lt;br /&gt;objection to the theory of wish-fulfillment, but herself suspected that&lt;br /&gt;the detail of the box must lead to a different conception of the&lt;br /&gt;dream.[3] In the course of the analysis it occurred to her that on the&lt;br /&gt;evening before, the conversation of the company had turned upon the&lt;br /&gt;English word "box," and upon the numerous translations of it into&lt;br /&gt;German, such as box, theater box, chest, box on the ear, &amp;c. From other&lt;br /&gt;components of the same dream it is now possible to add that the lady had&lt;br /&gt;guessed the relationship between the English word "box" and the German&lt;br /&gt;_Büchse_, and had then been haunted by the memory that _Büchse_ (as well&lt;br /&gt;as "box") is used in vulgar speech to designate the female genital&lt;br /&gt;organ. It was therefore possible, making a certain allowance for her&lt;br /&gt;notions on the subject of topographical anatomy, to assume that the&lt;br /&gt;child in the box signified a child in the womb of the mother. At this&lt;br /&gt;stage of the explanation she no longer denied that the picture of the&lt;br /&gt;dream really corresponded to one of her wishes. Like so many other young&lt;br /&gt;women, she was by no means happy when she became pregnant, and admitted&lt;br /&gt;to me more than once the wish that her child might die before its birth;&lt;br /&gt;in a fit of anger following a violent scene with her husband she had&lt;br /&gt;even struck her abdomen with her fists in order to hit the child within.&lt;br /&gt;The dead child was, therefore, really the fulfillment of a wish, but a&lt;br /&gt;wish which had been put aside for fifteen years, and it is not&lt;br /&gt;surprising that the fulfillment of the wish was no longer recognized&lt;br /&gt;after so long an interval. For there had been many changes meanwhile.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The group of dreams to which the two last mentioned belong, having as&lt;br /&gt;content the death of beloved relatives, will be considered again under&lt;br /&gt;the head of "Typical Dreams." I shall there be able to show by new&lt;br /&gt;examples that in spite of their undesirable content, all these dreams&lt;br /&gt;must be interpreted as wish-fulfillments. For the following dream, which&lt;br /&gt;again was told me in order to deter me from a hasty generalization of&lt;br /&gt;the theory of wishing in dreams, I am indebted, not to a patient, but to&lt;br /&gt;an intelligent jurist of my acquaintance. "_I dream_," my informant&lt;br /&gt;tells me, "_that I am walking in front of my house with a lady on my&lt;br /&gt;arm. Here a closed wagon is waiting, a gentleman steps up to me, gives&lt;br /&gt;his authority as an agent of the police, and demands that I should&lt;br /&gt;follow him. I only ask for time in which to arrange my affairs._ Can you&lt;br /&gt;possibly suppose this is a wish of mine to be arrested?" "Of course&lt;br /&gt;not," I must admit. "Do you happen to know upon what charge you were&lt;br /&gt;arrested?" "Yes; I believe for infanticide." "Infanticide? But you know&lt;br /&gt;that only a mother can commit this crime upon her newly born child?"&lt;br /&gt;"That is true."[4] "And under what circumstances did you dream; what&lt;br /&gt;happened on the evening before?" "I would rather not tell you that; it&lt;br /&gt;is a delicate matter." "But I must have it, otherwise we must forgo the&lt;br /&gt;interpretation of the dream." "Well, then, I will tell you. I spent the&lt;br /&gt;night, not at home, but at the house of a lady who means very much to&lt;br /&gt;me. When we awoke in the morning, something again passed between us.&lt;br /&gt;Then I went to sleep again, and dreamt what I have told you." "The woman&lt;br /&gt;is married?" "Yes." "And you do not wish her to conceive a child?" "No;&lt;br /&gt;that might betray us." "Then you do not practice normal coitus?" "I take&lt;br /&gt;the precaution to withdraw before ejaculation." "Am I permitted to&lt;br /&gt;assume that you did this trick several times during the night, and that&lt;br /&gt;in the morning you were not quite sure whether you had succeeded?" "That&lt;br /&gt;might be the case." "Then your dream is the fulfillment of a wish. By&lt;br /&gt;means of it you secure the assurance that you have not begotten a child,&lt;br /&gt;or, what amounts to the same thing, that you have killed a child. I can&lt;br /&gt;easily demonstrate the connecting links. Do you remember, a few days ago&lt;br /&gt;we were talking about the distress of matrimony (Ehenot), and about the&lt;br /&gt;inconsistency of permitting the practice of coitus as long as no&lt;br /&gt;impregnation takes place, while every delinquency after the ovum and&lt;br /&gt;the semen meet and a foetus is formed is punished as a crime? In&lt;br /&gt;connection with this, we also recalled the mediæval controversy about&lt;br /&gt;the moment of time at which the soul is really lodged in the foetus,&lt;br /&gt;since the concept of murder becomes admissible only from that point on.&lt;br /&gt;Doubtless you also know the gruesome poem by Lenau, which puts&lt;br /&gt;infanticide and the prevention of children on the same plane."&lt;br /&gt;"Strangely enough, I had happened to think of Lenau during the&lt;br /&gt;afternoon." "Another echo of your dream. And now I shall demonstrate to&lt;br /&gt;you another subordinate wish-fulfillment in your dream. You walk in&lt;br /&gt;front of your house with the lady on your arm. So you take her home,&lt;br /&gt;instead of spending the night at her house, as you do in actuality. The&lt;br /&gt;fact that the wish-fulfillment, which is the essence of the dream,&lt;br /&gt;disguises itself in such an unpleasant form, has perhaps more than one&lt;br /&gt;reason. From my essay on the etiology of anxiety neuroses, you will see&lt;br /&gt;that I note interrupted coitus as one of the factors which cause the&lt;br /&gt;development of neurotic fear. It would be consistent with this that if&lt;br /&gt;after repeated cohabitation of the kind mentioned you should be left in&lt;br /&gt;an uncomfortable mood, which now becomes an element in the composition&lt;br /&gt;of your dream. You also make use of this unpleasant state of mind to&lt;br /&gt;conceal the wish-fulfillment. Furthermore, the mention of infanticide&lt;br /&gt;has not yet been explained. Why does this crime, which is peculiar to&lt;br /&gt;females, occur to you?" "I shall confess to you that I was involved in&lt;br /&gt;such an affair years ago. Through my fault a girl tried to protect&lt;br /&gt;herself from the consequences of a _liaison_ with me by securing an&lt;br /&gt;abortion. I had nothing to do with carrying out the plan, but I was&lt;br /&gt;naturally for a long time worried lest the affair might be discovered."&lt;br /&gt;"I understand; this recollection furnished a second reason why the&lt;br /&gt;supposition that you had done your trick badly must have been painful to&lt;br /&gt;you."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A young physician, who had heard this dream of my colleague when it was&lt;br /&gt;told, must have felt implicated by it, for he hastened to imitate it in&lt;br /&gt;a dream of his own, applying its mode of thinking to another subject.&lt;br /&gt;The day before he had handed in a declaration of his income, which was&lt;br /&gt;perfectly honest, because he had little to declare. He dreamt that an&lt;br /&gt;acquaintance of his came from a meeting of the tax commission and&lt;br /&gt;informed him that all the other declarations of income had passed&lt;br /&gt;uncontested, but that his own had awakened general suspicion, and that&lt;br /&gt;he would be punished with a heavy fine. The dream is a poorly-concealed&lt;br /&gt;fulfillment of the wish to be known as a physician with a large income.&lt;br /&gt;It likewise recalls the story of the young girl who was advised against&lt;br /&gt;accepting her suitor because he was a man of quick temper who would&lt;br /&gt;surely treat her to blows after they were married.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The answer of the girl was: "I wish he _would_ strike me!" Her wish to&lt;br /&gt;be married is so strong that she takes into the bargain the discomfort&lt;br /&gt;which is said to be connected with matrimony, and which is predicted for&lt;br /&gt;her, and even raises it to a wish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If I group the very frequently occurring dreams of this sort, which seem&lt;br /&gt;flatly to contradict my theory, in that they contain the denial of a&lt;br /&gt;wish or some occurrence decidedly unwished for, under the head of&lt;br /&gt;"counter wish-dreams," I observe that they may all be referred to two&lt;br /&gt;principles, of which one has not yet been mentioned, although it plays a&lt;br /&gt;large part in the dreams of human beings. One of the motives inspiring&lt;br /&gt;these dreams is the wish that I should appear in the wrong. These dreams&lt;br /&gt;regularly occur in the course of my treatment if the patient shows a&lt;br /&gt;resistance against me, and I can count with a large degree of certainty&lt;br /&gt;upon causing such a dream after I have once explained to the patient my&lt;br /&gt;theory that the dream is a wish-fulfillment.[5] I may even expect this&lt;br /&gt;to be the case in a dream merely in order to fulfill the wish that I may&lt;br /&gt;appear in the wrong. The last dream which I shall tell from those&lt;br /&gt;occurring in the course of treatment again shows this very thing. A&lt;br /&gt;young girl who has struggled hard to continue my treatment, against the&lt;br /&gt;will of her relatives and the authorities whom she had consulted, dreams&lt;br /&gt;as follows: _She is forbidden at home to come to me any more. She then&lt;br /&gt;reminds me of the promise I made her to treat her for nothing if&lt;br /&gt;necessary, and I say to her: "I can show no consideration in money&lt;br /&gt;matters."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not at all easy in this case to demonstrate the fulfillment of a&lt;br /&gt;wish, but in all cases of this kind there is a second problem, the&lt;br /&gt;solution of which helps also to solve the first. Where does she get the&lt;br /&gt;words which she puts into my mouth? Of course I have never told her&lt;br /&gt;anything like that, but one of her brothers, the very one who has the&lt;br /&gt;greatest influence over her, has been kind enough to make this remark&lt;br /&gt;about me. It is then the purpose of the dream that this brother should&lt;br /&gt;remain in the right; and she does not try to justify this brother merely&lt;br /&gt;in the dream; it is her purpose in life and the motive for her being&lt;br /&gt;ill.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other motive for counter wish-dreams is so clear that there is&lt;br /&gt;danger of overlooking it, as for some time happened in my own case. In&lt;br /&gt;the sexual make-up of many people there is a masochistic component,&lt;br /&gt;which has arisen through the conversion of the aggressive, sadistic&lt;br /&gt;component into its opposite. Such people are called "ideal" masochists,&lt;br /&gt;if they seek pleasure not in the bodily pain which may be inflicted upon&lt;br /&gt;them, but in humiliation and in chastisement of the soul. It is obvious&lt;br /&gt;that such persons can have counter wish-dreams and disagreeable dreams,&lt;br /&gt;which, however, for them are nothing but wish-fulfillment, affording&lt;br /&gt;satisfaction for their masochistic inclinations. Here is such a dream. A&lt;br /&gt;young man, who has in earlier years tormented his elder brother, towards&lt;br /&gt;whom he was homosexually inclined, but who had undergone a complete&lt;br /&gt;change of character, has the following dream, which consists of three&lt;br /&gt;parts: (1) _He is "insulted" by his brother._ (2) _Two adults are&lt;br /&gt;caressing each other with homosexual intentions._ (3) _His brother has&lt;br /&gt;sold the enterprise whose management the young man reserved for his own&lt;br /&gt;future._ He awakens from the last-mentioned dream with the most&lt;br /&gt;unpleasant feelings, and yet it is a masochistic wish-dream, which might&lt;br /&gt;be translated: It would serve me quite right if my brother were to make&lt;br /&gt;that sale against my interest, as a punishment for all the torments&lt;br /&gt;which he has suffered at my hands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I hope that the above discussion and examples will suffice--until&lt;br /&gt;further objection can be raised--to make it seem credible that even&lt;br /&gt;dreams with a painful content are to be analyzed as the fulfillments of&lt;br /&gt;wishes. Nor will it seem a matter of chance that in the course of&lt;br /&gt;interpretation one always happens upon subjects of which one does not&lt;br /&gt;like to speak or think. The disagreeable sensation which such dreams&lt;br /&gt;arouse is simply identical with the antipathy which endeavors--usually&lt;br /&gt;with success--to restrain us from the treatment or discussion of such&lt;br /&gt;subjects, and which must be overcome by all of us, if, in spite of its&lt;br /&gt;unpleasantness, we find it necessary to take the matter in hand. But&lt;br /&gt;this disagreeable sensation, which occurs also in dreams, does not&lt;br /&gt;preclude the existence of a wish; every one has wishes which he would&lt;br /&gt;not like to tell to others, which he does not want to admit even to&lt;br /&gt;himself. We are, on other grounds, justified in connecting the&lt;br /&gt;disagreeable character of all these dreams with the fact of dream&lt;br /&gt;disfigurement, and in concluding that these dreams are distorted, and&lt;br /&gt;that the wish-fulfillment in them is disguised until recognition is&lt;br /&gt;impossible for no other reason than that a repugnance, a will to&lt;br /&gt;suppress, exists in relation to the subject-matter of the dream or in&lt;br /&gt;relation to the wish which the dream creates. Dream disfigurement,&lt;br /&gt;then, turns out in reality to be an act of the censor. We shall take&lt;br /&gt;into consideration everything which the analysis of disagreeable dreams&lt;br /&gt;has brought to light if we reword our formula as follows: _The dream is&lt;br /&gt;the (disguised) fulfillment of a (suppressed, repressed) wish_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now there still remain as a particular species of dreams with painful&lt;br /&gt;content, dreams of anxiety, the inclusion of which under dreams of&lt;br /&gt;wishing will find least acceptance with the uninitiated. But I can&lt;br /&gt;settle the problem of anxiety dreams in very short order; for what they&lt;br /&gt;may reveal is not a new aspect of the dream problem; it is a question in&lt;br /&gt;their case of understanding neurotic anxiety in general. The fear which&lt;br /&gt;we experience in the dream is only seemingly explained by the dream&lt;br /&gt;content. If we subject the content of the dream to analysis, we become&lt;br /&gt;aware that the dream fear is no more justified by the dream content than&lt;br /&gt;the fear in a phobia is justified by the idea upon which the phobia&lt;br /&gt;depends. For example, it is true that it is possible to fall out of a&lt;br /&gt;window, and that some care must be exercised when one is near a window,&lt;br /&gt;but it is inexplicable why the anxiety in the corresponding phobia is so&lt;br /&gt;great, and why it follows its victims to an extent so much greater than&lt;br /&gt;is warranted by its origin. The same explanation, then, which applies to&lt;br /&gt;the phobia applies also to the dream of anxiety. In both cases the&lt;br /&gt;anxiety is only superficially attached to the idea which accompanies it&lt;br /&gt;and comes from another source.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On account of the intimate relation of dream fear to neurotic fear,&lt;br /&gt;discussion of the former obliges me to refer to the latter. In a little&lt;br /&gt;essay on "The Anxiety Neurosis,"[6] I maintained that neurotic fear has&lt;br /&gt;its origin in the sexual life, and corresponds to a libido which has&lt;br /&gt;been turned away from its object and has not succeeded in being applied.&lt;br /&gt;From this formula, which has since proved its validity more and more&lt;br /&gt;clearly, we may deduce the conclusion that the content of anxiety dreams&lt;br /&gt;is of a sexual nature, the libido belonging to which content has been&lt;br /&gt;transformed into fear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] To sit for the painter. Goethe: "And if he has no backside, how can&lt;br /&gt;the nobleman sit?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] I myself regret the introduction of such passages from the&lt;br /&gt;psychopathology of hysteria, which, because of their fragmentary&lt;br /&gt;representation and of being torn from all connection with the subject,&lt;br /&gt;cannot have a very enlightening influence. If these passages are capable&lt;br /&gt;of throwing light upon the intimate relations between the dream and the&lt;br /&gt;psychoneuroses, they have served the purpose for which I have taken them&lt;br /&gt;up.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[3] Something like the smoked salmon in the dream of the deferred&lt;br /&gt;supper.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[4] It often happens that a dream is told incompletely, and that a&lt;br /&gt;recollection of the omitted portions appear only in the course of the&lt;br /&gt;analysis. These portions subsequently fitted in, regularly furnish the&lt;br /&gt;key to the interpretation. _Cf._ below, about forgetting in dreams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[5] Similar "counter wish-dreams" have been repeatedly reported to me&lt;br /&gt;within the last few years by my pupils who thus reacted to their first&lt;br /&gt;encounter with the "wish theory of the dream."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[6] See _Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses_, p. 133,&lt;br /&gt;translated by A.A. Brill, _Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases_,&lt;br /&gt;Monograph Series.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SEX IN DREAMS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The more one is occupied with the solution of dreams, the more willing&lt;br /&gt;one must become to acknowledge that the majority of the dreams of adults&lt;br /&gt;treat of sexual material and give expression to erotic wishes. Only one&lt;br /&gt;who really analyzes dreams, that is to say, who pushes forward from&lt;br /&gt;their manifest content to the latent dream thoughts, can form an opinion&lt;br /&gt;on this subject--never the person who is satisfied with registering the&lt;br /&gt;manifest content (as, for example, Näcke in his works on sexual dreams).&lt;br /&gt;Let us recognize at once that this fact is not to be wondered at, but&lt;br /&gt;that it is in complete harmony with the fundamental assumptions of dream&lt;br /&gt;explanation. No other impulse has had to undergo so much suppression&lt;br /&gt;from the time of childhood as the sex impulse in its numerous&lt;br /&gt;components, from no other impulse have survived so many and such intense&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wishes, which now act in the sleeping state in such a manner&lt;br /&gt;as to produce dreams. In dream interpretation, this significance of&lt;br /&gt;sexual complexes must never be forgotten, nor must they, of course, be&lt;br /&gt;exaggerated to the point of being considered exclusive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Of many dreams it can be ascertained by a careful interpretation that&lt;br /&gt;they are even to be taken bisexually, inasmuch as they result in an&lt;br /&gt;irrefutable secondary interpretation in which they realize homosexual&lt;br /&gt;feelings--that is, feelings that are common to the normal sexual&lt;br /&gt;activity of the dreaming person. But that all dreams are to be&lt;br /&gt;interpreted bisexually, seems to me to be a generalization as&lt;br /&gt;indemonstrable as it is improbable, which I should not like to support.&lt;br /&gt;Above all I should not know how to dispose of the apparent fact that&lt;br /&gt;there are many dreams satisfying other than--in the widest sense--erotic&lt;br /&gt;needs, as dreams of hunger, thirst, convenience, &amp;c. Likewise the&lt;br /&gt;similar assertions "that behind every dream one finds the death&lt;br /&gt;sentence" (Stekel), and that every dream shows "a continuation from the&lt;br /&gt;feminine to the masculine line" (Adler), seem to me to proceed far&lt;br /&gt;beyond what is admissible in the interpretation of dreams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have already asserted elsewhere that dreams which are conspicuously&lt;br /&gt;innocent invariably embody coarse erotic wishes, and we might confirm&lt;br /&gt;this by means of numerous fresh examples. But many dreams which appear&lt;br /&gt;indifferent, and which would never be suspected of any particular&lt;br /&gt;significance, can be traced back, after analysis, to unmistakably sexual&lt;br /&gt;wish-feelings, which are often of an unexpected nature. For example,&lt;br /&gt;who would suspect a sexual wish in the following dream until the&lt;br /&gt;interpretation had been worked out? The dreamer relates: _Between two&lt;br /&gt;stately palaces stands a little house, receding somewhat, whose doors&lt;br /&gt;are closed. My wife leads me a little way along the street up to the&lt;br /&gt;little house, and pushes in the door, and then I slip quickly and easily&lt;br /&gt;into the interior of a courtyard that slants obliquely upwards._&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Any one who has had experience in the translating of dreams will, of&lt;br /&gt;course, immediately perceive that penetrating into narrow spaces, and&lt;br /&gt;opening locked doors, belong to the commonest sexual symbolism, and will&lt;br /&gt;easily find in this dream a representation of attempted coition from&lt;br /&gt;behind (between the two stately buttocks of the female body). The narrow&lt;br /&gt;slanting passage is of course the vagina; the assistance attributed to&lt;br /&gt;the wife of the dreamer requires the interpretation that in reality it&lt;br /&gt;is only consideration for the wife which is responsible for the&lt;br /&gt;detention from such an attempt. Moreover, inquiry shows that on the&lt;br /&gt;previous day a young girl had entered the household of the dreamer who&lt;br /&gt;had pleased him, and who had given him the impression that she would not&lt;br /&gt;be altogether opposed to an approach of this sort. The little house&lt;br /&gt;between the two palaces is taken from a reminiscence of the Hradschin&lt;br /&gt;in Prague, and thus points again to the girl who is a native of that&lt;br /&gt;city.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If with my patients I emphasize the frequency of the Oedipus dream--of&lt;br /&gt;having sexual intercourse with one's mother--I get the answer: "I cannot&lt;br /&gt;remember such a dream." Immediately afterwards, however, there arises&lt;br /&gt;the recollection of another disguised and indifferent dream, which has&lt;br /&gt;been dreamed repeatedly by the patient, and the analysis shows it to be&lt;br /&gt;a dream of this same content--that is, another Oedipus dream. I can&lt;br /&gt;assure the reader that veiled dreams of sexual intercourse with the&lt;br /&gt;mother are a great deal more frequent than open ones to the same effect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are dreams about landscapes and localities in which emphasis is&lt;br /&gt;always laid upon the assurance: "I have been there before." In this case&lt;br /&gt;the locality is always the genital organ of the mother; it can indeed be&lt;br /&gt;asserted with such certainty of no other locality that one "has been&lt;br /&gt;there before."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A large number of dreams, often full of fear, which are concerned with&lt;br /&gt;passing through narrow spaces or with staying, in the water, are based&lt;br /&gt;upon fancies about the embryonic life, about the sojourn in the mother's&lt;br /&gt;womb, and about the act of birth. The following is the dream of a young&lt;br /&gt;man who in his fancy has already while in embryo taken advantage of his&lt;br /&gt;opportunity to spy upon an act of coition between his parents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_"He is in a deep shaft, in which there is a window, as in the Semmering&lt;br /&gt;Tunnel. At first he sees an empty landscape through this window, and&lt;br /&gt;then he composes a picture into it, which is immediately at hand and&lt;br /&gt;which fills out the empty space. The picture represents a field which is&lt;br /&gt;being thoroughly harrowed by an implement, and the delightful air, the&lt;br /&gt;accompanying idea of hard work, and the bluish-black clods of earth make&lt;br /&gt;a pleasant impression. He then goes on and sees a primary school opened&lt;br /&gt;... and he is surprised that so much attention is devoted in it to the&lt;br /&gt;sexual feelings of the child, which makes him think of me."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a pretty water-dream of a female patient, which was turned to&lt;br /&gt;extraordinary account in the course of treatment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_At her summer resort at the ... Lake, she hurls herself into the dark&lt;br /&gt;water at a place where the pale moon is reflected in the water._&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dreams of this sort are parturition dreams; their interpretation is&lt;br /&gt;accomplished by reversing the fact reported in the manifest dream&lt;br /&gt;content; thus, instead of "throwing one's self into the water," read&lt;br /&gt;"coming out of the water," that is, "being born." The place from which&lt;br /&gt;one is born is recognized if one thinks of the bad sense of the French&lt;br /&gt;"la lune." The pale moon thus becomes the white "bottom" (Popo), which&lt;br /&gt;the child soon recognizes as the place from which it came. Now what can&lt;br /&gt;be the meaning of the patient's wishing to be born at her summer resort?&lt;br /&gt;I asked the dreamer this, and she answered without hesitation: "Hasn't&lt;br /&gt;the treatment made me as though I were born again?" Thus the dream&lt;br /&gt;becomes an invitation to continue the cure at this summer resort, that&lt;br /&gt;is, to visit her there; perhaps it also contains a very bashful allusion&lt;br /&gt;to the wish to become a mother herself.[1]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another dream of parturition, with its interpretation, I take from the&lt;br /&gt;work of E. Jones. _"She stood at the seashore watching a small boy, who&lt;br /&gt;seemed to be hers, wading into the water. This he did till the water&lt;br /&gt;covered him, and she could only see his head bobbing up and down near&lt;br /&gt;the surface. The scene then changed to the crowded hall of a hotel. Her&lt;br /&gt;husband left her, and she 'entered into conversation with' a&lt;br /&gt;stranger."_ The second half of the dream was discovered in the analysis&lt;br /&gt;to represent a flight from her husband, and the entering into intimate&lt;br /&gt;relations with a third person, behind whom was plainly indicated Mr.&lt;br /&gt;X.'s brother mentioned in a former dream. The first part of the dream&lt;br /&gt;was a fairly evident birth phantasy. In dreams as in mythology, the&lt;br /&gt;delivery of a child _from_ the uterine waters is commonly presented by&lt;br /&gt;distortion as the entry of the child _into_ water; among many others,&lt;br /&gt;the births of Adonis, Osiris, Moses, and Bacchus are well-known&lt;br /&gt;illustrations of this. The bobbing up and down of the head in the water&lt;br /&gt;at once recalled to the patient the sensation of quickening she had&lt;br /&gt;experienced in her only pregnancy. Thinking of the boy going into the&lt;br /&gt;water induced a reverie in which she saw herself taking him out of the&lt;br /&gt;water, carrying him into the nursery, washing him and dressing him, and&lt;br /&gt;installing him in her household.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second half of the dream, therefore, represents thoughts concerning&lt;br /&gt;the elopement, which belonged to the first half of the underlying latent&lt;br /&gt;content; the first half of the dream corresponded with the second half&lt;br /&gt;of the latent content, the birth phantasy. Besides this inversion in&lt;br /&gt;order, further inversions took place in each half of the dream. In the&lt;br /&gt;first half the child _entered_ the water, and then his head bobbed; in&lt;br /&gt;the underlying dream thoughts first the quickening occurred, and then&lt;br /&gt;the child left the water (a double inversion). In the second half her&lt;br /&gt;husband left her; in the dream thoughts she left her husband.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another parturition dream is related by Abraham of a young woman looking&lt;br /&gt;forward to her first confinement. From a place in the floor of the house&lt;br /&gt;a subterranean canal leads directly into the water (parturition path,&lt;br /&gt;amniotic liquor). She lifts up a trap in the floor, and there&lt;br /&gt;immediately appears a creature dressed in a brownish fur, which almost&lt;br /&gt;resembles a seal. This creature changes into the younger brother of the&lt;br /&gt;dreamer, to whom she has always stood in maternal relationship.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dreams of "saving" are connected with parturition dreams. To save,&lt;br /&gt;especially to save from the water, is equivalent to giving birth when&lt;br /&gt;dreamed by a woman; this sense is, however, modified when the dreamer is&lt;br /&gt;a man.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Robbers, burglars at night, and ghosts, of which we are afraid before&lt;br /&gt;going to bed, and which occasionally even disturb our sleep, originate&lt;br /&gt;in one and the same childish reminiscence. They are the nightly visitors&lt;br /&gt;who have awakened the child to set it on the chamber so that it may not&lt;br /&gt;wet the bed, or have lifted the cover in order to see clearly how the&lt;br /&gt;child is holding its hands while sleeping. I have been able to induce an&lt;br /&gt;exact recollection of the nocturnal visitor in the analysis of some of&lt;br /&gt;these anxiety dreams. The robbers were always the father, the ghosts&lt;br /&gt;more probably corresponded to feminine persons with white night-gowns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When one has become familiar with the abundant use of symbolism for the&lt;br /&gt;representation of sexual material in dreams, one naturally raises the&lt;br /&gt;question whether there are not many of these symbols which appear once&lt;br /&gt;and for all with a firmly established significance like the signs in&lt;br /&gt;stenography; and one is tempted to compile a new dream-book according to&lt;br /&gt;the cipher method. In this connection it may be remarked that this&lt;br /&gt;symbolism does not belong peculiarly to the dream, but rather to&lt;br /&gt;unconscious thinking, particularly that of the masses, and it is to be&lt;br /&gt;found in greater perfection in the folklore, in the myths, legends, and&lt;br /&gt;manners of speech, in the proverbial sayings, and in the current&lt;br /&gt;witticisms of a nation than in its dreams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dream takes advantage of this symbolism in order to give a disguised&lt;br /&gt;representation to its latent thoughts. Among the symbols which are used&lt;br /&gt;in this manner there are of course many which regularly, or almost&lt;br /&gt;regularly, mean the same thing. Only it is necessary to keep in mind the&lt;br /&gt;curious plasticity of psychic material. Now and then a symbol in the&lt;br /&gt;dream content may have to be interpreted not symbolically, but according&lt;br /&gt;to its real meaning; at another time the dreamer, owing to a peculiar&lt;br /&gt;set of recollections, may create for himself the right to use anything&lt;br /&gt;whatever as a sexual symbol, though it is not ordinarily used in that&lt;br /&gt;way. Nor are the most frequently used sexual symbols unambiguous every&lt;br /&gt;time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After these limitations and reservations I may call attention to the&lt;br /&gt;following: Emperor and Empress (King and Queen) in most cases really&lt;br /&gt;represent the parents of the dreamer; the dreamer himself or herself is&lt;br /&gt;the prince or princess. All elongated objects, sticks, tree-trunks, and&lt;br /&gt;umbrellas (on account of the stretching-up which might be compared to an&lt;br /&gt;erection! all elongated and sharp weapons, knives, daggers, and pikes,&lt;br /&gt;are intended to represent the male member. A frequent, not very&lt;br /&gt;intelligible, symbol for the same is a nail-file (on account of the&lt;br /&gt;rubbing and scraping?). Little cases, boxes, caskets, closets, and&lt;br /&gt;stoves correspond to the female part. The symbolism of lock and key has&lt;br /&gt;been very gracefully employed by Uhland in his song about the "Grafen&lt;br /&gt;Eberstein," to make a common smutty joke. The dream of walking through a&lt;br /&gt;row of rooms is a brothel or harem dream. Staircases, ladders, and&lt;br /&gt;flights of stairs, or climbing on these, either upwards or downwards,&lt;br /&gt;are symbolic representations of the sexual act. Smooth walls over which&lt;br /&gt;one is climbing, façades of houses upon which one is letting oneself&lt;br /&gt;down, frequently under great anxiety, correspond to the erect human&lt;br /&gt;body, and probably repeat in the dream reminiscences of the upward&lt;br /&gt;climbing of little children on their parents or foster parents. "Smooth"&lt;br /&gt;walls are men. Often in a dream of anxiety one is holding on firmly to&lt;br /&gt;some projection from a house. Tables, set tables, and boards are women,&lt;br /&gt;perhaps on account of the opposition which does away with the bodily&lt;br /&gt;contours. Since "bed and board" (_mensa et thorus_) constitute marriage,&lt;br /&gt;the former are often put for the latter in the dream, and as far as&lt;br /&gt;practicable the sexual presentation complex is transposed to the eating&lt;br /&gt;complex. Of articles of dress the woman's hat may frequently be&lt;br /&gt;definitely interpreted as the male genital. In dreams of men one often&lt;br /&gt;finds the cravat as a symbol for the penis; this indeed is not only&lt;br /&gt;because cravats hang down long, and are characteristic of the man, but&lt;br /&gt;also because one can select them at pleasure, a freedom which is&lt;br /&gt;prohibited by nature in the original of the symbol. Persons who make use&lt;br /&gt;of this symbol in the dream are very extravagant with cravats, and&lt;br /&gt;possess regular collections of them. All complicated machines and&lt;br /&gt;apparatus in dream are very probably genitals, in the description of&lt;br /&gt;which dream symbolism shows itself to be as tireless as the activity of&lt;br /&gt;wit. Likewise many landscapes in dreams, especially with bridges or with&lt;br /&gt;wooded mountains, can be readily recognized as descriptions of the&lt;br /&gt;genitals. Finally where one finds incomprehensible neologisms one may&lt;br /&gt;think of combinations made up of components having a sexual&lt;br /&gt;significance. Children also in the dream often signify the genitals, as&lt;br /&gt;men and women are in the habit of fondly referring to their genital&lt;br /&gt;organ as their "little one." As a very recent symbol of the male genital&lt;br /&gt;may be mentioned the flying machine, utilization of which is justified&lt;br /&gt;by its relation to flying as well as occasionally by its form. To play&lt;br /&gt;with a little child or to beat a little one is often the dream's&lt;br /&gt;representation of onanism. A number of other symbols, in part not&lt;br /&gt;sufficiently verified are given by Stekel, who illustrates them with&lt;br /&gt;examples. Right and left, according to him, are to be conceived in the&lt;br /&gt;dream in an ethical sense. "The right way always signifies the road to&lt;br /&gt;righteousness, the left the one to crime. Thus the left may signify&lt;br /&gt;homosexuality, incest, and perversion, while the right signifies&lt;br /&gt;marriage, relations with a prostitute, &amp;c. The meaning is always&lt;br /&gt;determined by the individual moral view-point of the dreamer." Relatives&lt;br /&gt;in the dream generally play the rôle of genitals. Not to be able to&lt;br /&gt;catch up with a wagon is interpreted by Stekel as regret not to be able&lt;br /&gt;to come up to a difference in age. Baggage with which one travels is the&lt;br /&gt;burden of sin by which one is oppressed. Also numbers, which frequently&lt;br /&gt;occur in the dream, are assigned by Stekel a fixed symbolical meaning,&lt;br /&gt;but these interpretations seem neither sufficiently verified nor of&lt;br /&gt;general validity, although the interpretation in individual cases can&lt;br /&gt;generally be recognized as probable. In a recently published book by W.&lt;br /&gt;Stekel, _Die Sprache des Traumes_, which I was unable to utilize, there&lt;br /&gt;is a list of the most common sexual symbols, the object of which is to&lt;br /&gt;prove that all sexual symbols can be bisexually used. He states: "Is&lt;br /&gt;there a symbol which (if in any way permitted by the phantasy) may not&lt;br /&gt;be used simultaneously in the masculine and the feminine sense!" To be&lt;br /&gt;sure the clause in parentheses takes away much of the absoluteness of&lt;br /&gt;this assertion, for this is not at all permitted by the phantasy. I do&lt;br /&gt;not, however, think it superfluous to state that in my experience&lt;br /&gt;Stekel's general statement has to give way to the recognition of a&lt;br /&gt;greater manifoldness. Besides those symbols, which are just as frequent&lt;br /&gt;for the male as for the female genitals, there are others which&lt;br /&gt;preponderately, or almost exclusively, designate one of the sexes, and&lt;br /&gt;there are still others of which only the male or only the female&lt;br /&gt;signification is known. To use long, firm objects and weapons as symbols&lt;br /&gt;of the female genitals, or hollow objects (chests, pouches, &amp;amp;c.), as&lt;br /&gt;symbols of the male genitals, is indeed not allowed by the fancy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is true that the tendency of the dream and the unconscious fancy to&lt;br /&gt;utilize the sexual symbol bisexually betrays an archaic trend, for in&lt;br /&gt;childhood a difference in the genitals is unknown, and the same genitals&lt;br /&gt;are attributed to both sexes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These very incomplete suggestions may suffice to stimulate others to&lt;br /&gt;make a more careful collection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I shall now add a few examples of the application of such symbolisms in&lt;br /&gt;dreams, which will serve to show how impossible it becomes to interpret&lt;br /&gt;a dream without taking into account the symbolism of dreams, and how&lt;br /&gt;imperatively it obtrudes itself in many cases.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. The hat as a symbol of the man (of the male genital): (a fragment&lt;br /&gt;from the dream of a young woman who suffered from agoraphobia on account&lt;br /&gt;of a fear of temptation).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I am walking in the street in summer, I wear a straw hat of peculiar&lt;br /&gt;shape, the middle piece of which is bent upwards and the side pieces of&lt;br /&gt;which hang downwards (the description became here obstructed), and in&lt;br /&gt;such a fashion that one is lower than the other. I am cheerful and in a&lt;br /&gt;confidential mood, and as I pass a troop of young officers I think to&lt;br /&gt;myself: None of you can have any designs upon me."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As she could produce no associations to the hat, I said to her: "The hat&lt;br /&gt;is really a male genital, with its raised middle piece and the two&lt;br /&gt;downward hanging side pieces." I intentionally refrained from&lt;br /&gt;interpreting those details concerning the unequal downward hanging of&lt;br /&gt;the two side pieces, although just such individualities in the&lt;br /&gt;determinations lead the way to the interpretation. I continued by saying&lt;br /&gt;that if she only had a man with such a virile genital she would not have&lt;br /&gt;to fear the officers--that is, she would have nothing to wish from them,&lt;br /&gt;for she is mainly kept from going without protection and company by her&lt;br /&gt;fancies of temptation. This last explanation of her fear I had already&lt;br /&gt;been able to give her repeatedly on the basis of other material.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is quite remarkable how the dreamer behaved after this&lt;br /&gt;interpretation. She withdrew her description of the hat, and claimed not&lt;br /&gt;to have said that the two side pieces were hanging downwards. I was,&lt;br /&gt;however, too sure of what I had heard to allow myself to be misled, and&lt;br /&gt;I persisted in it. She was quiet for a while, and then found the courage&lt;br /&gt;to ask why it was that one of her husband's testicles was lower than the&lt;br /&gt;other, and whether it was the same in all men. With this the peculiar&lt;br /&gt;detail of the hat was explained, and the whole interpretation was&lt;br /&gt;accepted by her. The hat symbol was familiar to me long before the&lt;br /&gt;patient related this dream. From other but less transparent cases I&lt;br /&gt;believe that the hat may also be taken as a female genital.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The little one as the genital--to be run over as a symbol of sexual&lt;br /&gt;intercourse (another dream of the same agoraphobic patient).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Her mother sends away her little daughter so that she must go alone.&lt;br /&gt;She rides with her mother to the railroad and sees her little one&lt;br /&gt;walking directly upon the tracks, so that she cannot avoid being run&lt;br /&gt;over. She hears the bones crackle. (From this she experiences a feeling&lt;br /&gt;of discomfort but no real horror.) She then looks out through the car&lt;br /&gt;window to see whether the parts cannot be seen behind. She then&lt;br /&gt;reproaches her mother for allowing the little one to go out alone."&lt;br /&gt;Analysis. It is not an easy matter to give here a complete&lt;br /&gt;interpretation of the dream. It forms part of a cycle of dreams, and can&lt;br /&gt;be fully understood only in connection with the others. For it is not&lt;br /&gt;easy to get the necessary material sufficiently isolated to prove the&lt;br /&gt;symbolism. The patient at first finds that the railroad journey is to be&lt;br /&gt;interpreted historically as an allusion to a departure from a sanatorium&lt;br /&gt;for nervous diseases, with the superintendent of which she naturally was&lt;br /&gt;in love. Her mother took her away from this place, and the physician&lt;br /&gt;came to the railroad station and handed her a bouquet of flowers on&lt;br /&gt;leaving; she felt uncomfortable because her mother witnessed this&lt;br /&gt;homage. Here the mother, therefore, appears as a disturber of her love&lt;br /&gt;affairs, which is the rôle actually played by this strict woman during&lt;br /&gt;her daughter's girlhood. The next thought referred to the sentence: "She&lt;br /&gt;then looks to see whether the parts can be seen behind." In the dream&lt;br /&gt;façade one would naturally be compelled to think of the parts of the&lt;br /&gt;little daughter run over and ground up. The thought, however, turns in&lt;br /&gt;quite a different direction. She recalls that she once saw her father in&lt;br /&gt;the bath-room naked from behind; she then begins to talk about the sex&lt;br /&gt;differentiation, and asserts that in the man the genitals can be seen&lt;br /&gt;from behind, but in the woman they cannot. In this connection she now&lt;br /&gt;herself offers the interpretation that the little one is the genital,&lt;br /&gt;her little one (she has a four-year-old daughter) her own genital. She&lt;br /&gt;reproaches her mother for wanting her to live as though she had no&lt;br /&gt;genital, and recognizes this reproach in the introductory sentence of&lt;br /&gt;the dream; the mother sends away her little one so that she must go&lt;br /&gt;alone. In her phantasy going alone on the street signifies to have no&lt;br /&gt;man and no sexual relations (coire = to go together), and this she does&lt;br /&gt;not like. According to all her statements she really suffered as a girl&lt;br /&gt;on account of the jealousy of her mother, because she showed a&lt;br /&gt;preference for her father.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The "little one" has been noted as a symbol for the male or the female&lt;br /&gt;genitals by Stekel, who can refer in this connection to a very&lt;br /&gt;widespread usage of language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The deeper interpretation of this dream depends upon another dream of&lt;br /&gt;the same night in which the dreamer identifies herself with her brother.&lt;br /&gt;She was a "tomboy," and was always being told that she should have been&lt;br /&gt;born a boy. This identification with the brother shows with special&lt;br /&gt;clearness that "the little one" signifies the genital. The mother&lt;br /&gt;threatened him (her) with castration, which could only be understood as&lt;br /&gt;a punishment for playing with the parts, and the identification,&lt;br /&gt;therefore, shows that she herself had masturbated as a child, though&lt;br /&gt;this fact she now retained only in memory concerning her brother. An&lt;br /&gt;early knowledge of the male genital which she later lost she must have&lt;br /&gt;acquired at that time according to the assertions of this second dream.&lt;br /&gt;Moreover the second dream points to the infantile sexual theory that&lt;br /&gt;girls originate from boys through castration. After I had told her of&lt;br /&gt;this childish belief, she at once confirmed it with an anecdote in which&lt;br /&gt;the boy asks the girl: "Was it cut off?" to which the girl replied, "No,&lt;br /&gt;it's always been so."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sending away of the little one, of the genital, in the first dream&lt;br /&gt;therefore also refers to the threatened castration. Finally she blames&lt;br /&gt;her mother for not having been born a boy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That "being run over" symbolizes sexual intercourse would not be evident&lt;br /&gt;from this dream if we were not sure of it from many other sources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Representation of the genital by structures, stairways, and shafts.&lt;br /&gt;(Dream of a young man inhibited by a father complex.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"He is taking a walk with his father in a place which is surely the&lt;br /&gt;Prater, for the _Rotunda_ may be seen in front of which there is a small&lt;br /&gt;front structure to which is attached a captive balloon; the balloon,&lt;br /&gt;however, seems quite collapsed. His father asks him what this is all&lt;br /&gt;for; he is surprised at it, but he explains it to his father. They come&lt;br /&gt;into a court in which lies a large sheet of tin. His father wants to&lt;br /&gt;pull off a big piece of this, but first looks around to see if any one&lt;br /&gt;is watching. He tells his father that all he needs to do is to speak to&lt;br /&gt;the watchman, and then he can take without any further difficulty as&lt;br /&gt;much as he wants to. From this court a stairway leads down into a shaft,&lt;br /&gt;the walls of which are softly upholstered something like a leather&lt;br /&gt;pocketbook. At the end of this shaft there is a longer platform, and&lt;br /&gt;then a new shaft begins...."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analysis. This dream belongs to a type of patient which is not favorable&lt;br /&gt;from a therapeutic point of view. They follow in the analysis without&lt;br /&gt;offering any resistances whatever up to a certain point, but from that&lt;br /&gt;point on they remain almost inaccessible. This dream he almost analyzed&lt;br /&gt;himself. "The Rotunda," he said, "is my genital, the captive balloon in&lt;br /&gt;front is my penis, about the weakness of which I have worried." We must,&lt;br /&gt;however, interpret in greater detail; the Rotunda is the buttock which&lt;br /&gt;is regularly associated by the child with the genital, the smaller front&lt;br /&gt;structure is the scrotum. In the dream his father asks him what this is&lt;br /&gt;all for--that is, he asks him about the purpose and arrangement of the&lt;br /&gt;genitals. It is quite evident that this state of affairs should be&lt;br /&gt;turned around, and that he should be the questioner. As such a&lt;br /&gt;questioning on the side of the father has never taken place in reality,&lt;br /&gt;we must conceive the dream thought as a wish, or take it conditionally,&lt;br /&gt;as follows: "If I had only asked my father for sexual enlightenment."&lt;br /&gt;The continuation of this thought we shall soon find in another place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The court in which the tin sheet is spread out is not to be conceived&lt;br /&gt;symbolically in the first instance, but originates from his father's&lt;br /&gt;place of business. For discretionary reasons I have inserted the tin for&lt;br /&gt;another material in which the father deals, without, however, changing&lt;br /&gt;anything in the verbal expression of the dream. The dreamer had entered&lt;br /&gt;his father's business, and had taken a terrible dislike to the&lt;br /&gt;questionable practices upon which profit mainly depends. Hence the&lt;br /&gt;continuation of the above dream thought ("if I had only asked him")&lt;br /&gt;would be: "He would have deceived me just as he does his customers." For&lt;br /&gt;the pulling off, which serves to represent commercial dishonesty, the&lt;br /&gt;dreamer himself gives a second explanation--namely, onanism. This is not&lt;br /&gt;only entirely familiar to us, but agrees very well with the fact that&lt;br /&gt;the secrecy of onanism is expressed by its opposite ("Why one can do it&lt;br /&gt;quite openly"). It, moreover, agrees entirely with our expectations that&lt;br /&gt;the onanistic activity is again put off on the father, just as was the&lt;br /&gt;questioning in the first scene of the dream. The shaft he at once&lt;br /&gt;interprets as the vagina by referring to the soft upholstering of the&lt;br /&gt;walls. That the act of coition in the vagina is described as a going&lt;br /&gt;down instead of in the usual way as a going up, I have also found true&lt;br /&gt;in other instances[2].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The details that at the end of the first shaft there is a longer&lt;br /&gt;platform and then a new shaft, he himself explains biographically. He&lt;br /&gt;had for some time consorted with women sexually, but had then given it&lt;br /&gt;up because of inhibitions and now hopes to be able to take it up again&lt;br /&gt;with the aid of the treatment. The dream, however, becomes indistinct&lt;br /&gt;toward the end, and to the experienced interpreter it becomes evident&lt;br /&gt;that in the second scene of the dream the influence of another subject&lt;br /&gt;has begun to assert itself; in this his father's business and his&lt;br /&gt;dishonest practices signify the first vagina represented as a shaft so&lt;br /&gt;that one might think of a reference to the mother.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. The male genital symbolized by persons and the female by a landscape.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Dream of a woman of the lower class, whose husband is a policeman,&lt;br /&gt;reported by B. Dattner.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;... Then some one broke into the house and anxiously called for a&lt;br /&gt;policeman. But he went with two tramps by mutual consent into a&lt;br /&gt;church,[3] to which led a great many stairs;[4] behind the church there&lt;br /&gt;was a mountain,[5] on top of which a dense forest.[6] The policeman was&lt;br /&gt;furnished with a helmet, a gorget, and a cloak.[7] The two vagrants, who&lt;br /&gt;went along with the policeman quite peaceably, had tied to their loins&lt;br /&gt;sack-like aprons.[8] A road led from the church to the mountain. This&lt;br /&gt;road was overgrown on each side with grass and brushwood, which became&lt;br /&gt;thicker and thicker as it reached the height of the mountain, where it&lt;br /&gt;spread out into quite a forest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. A stairway dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Reported and interpreted by Otto Rank.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For the following transparent pollution dream, I am indebted to the&lt;br /&gt;same colleague who furnished us with the dental-irritation dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I am running down the stairway in the stair-house after a little girl,&lt;br /&gt;whom I wish to punish because she has done something to me. At the&lt;br /&gt;bottom of the stairs some one held the child for me. (A grown-up woman?)&lt;br /&gt;I grasp it, but do not know whether I have hit it, for I suddenly find&lt;br /&gt;myself in the middle of the stairway where I practice coitus with the&lt;br /&gt;child (in the air as it were). It is really no coitus, I only rub my&lt;br /&gt;genital on her external genital, and in doing this I see it very&lt;br /&gt;distinctly, as distinctly as I see her head which is lying sideways.&lt;br /&gt;During the sexual act I see hanging to the left and above me (also as if&lt;br /&gt;in the air) two small pictures, landscapes, representing a house on a&lt;br /&gt;green. On the smaller one my surname stood in the place where the&lt;br /&gt;painter's signature should be; it seemed to be intended for my birthday&lt;br /&gt;present. A small sign hung in front of the pictures to the effect that&lt;br /&gt;cheaper pictures could also be obtained. I then see myself very&lt;br /&gt;indistinctly lying in bed, just as I had seen myself at the foot of the&lt;br /&gt;stairs, and I am awakened by a feeling of dampness which came from the&lt;br /&gt;pollution."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interpretation. The dreamer had been in a book-store on the evening of&lt;br /&gt;the day of the dream, where, while he was waiting, he examined some&lt;br /&gt;pictures which were exhibited, which represented motives similar to the&lt;br /&gt;dream pictures. He stepped nearer to a small picture which particularly&lt;br /&gt;took his fancy in order to see the name of the artist, which, however,&lt;br /&gt;was quite unknown to him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Later in the same evening, in company, he heard about a Bohemian&lt;br /&gt;servant-girl who boasted that her illegitimate child "was made on the&lt;br /&gt;stairs." The dreamer inquired about the details of this unusual&lt;br /&gt;occurrence, and learned that the servant-girl went with her lover to the&lt;br /&gt;home of her parents, where there was no opportunity for sexual&lt;br /&gt;relations, and that the excited man performed the act on the stairs. In&lt;br /&gt;witty allusion to the mischievous expression used about wine-adulterers,&lt;br /&gt;the dreamer remarked, "The child really grew on the cellar steps."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These experiences of the day, which are quite prominent in the dream&lt;br /&gt;content, were readily reproduced by the dreamer. But he just as readily&lt;br /&gt;reproduced an old fragment of infantile recollection which was also&lt;br /&gt;utilized by the dream. The stair-house was the house in which he had&lt;br /&gt;spent the greatest part of his childhood, and in which he had first&lt;br /&gt;become acquainted with sexual problems. In this house he used, among&lt;br /&gt;other things, to slide down the banister astride which caused him to&lt;br /&gt;become sexually excited. In the dream he also comes down the stairs very&lt;br /&gt;rapidly--so rapidly that, according to his own distinct assertions, he&lt;br /&gt;hardly touched the individual stairs, but rather "flew" or "slid down,"&lt;br /&gt;as we used to say. Upon reference to this infantile experience, the&lt;br /&gt;beginning of the dream seems to represent the factor of sexual&lt;br /&gt;excitement. In the same house and in the adjacent residence the dreamer&lt;br /&gt;used to play pugnacious games with the neighboring children, in which he&lt;br /&gt;satisfied himself just as he did in the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If one recalls from Freud's investigation of sexual symbolism[9] that in&lt;br /&gt;the dream stairs or climbing stairs almost regularly symbolizes coitus,&lt;br /&gt;the dream becomes clear. Its motive power as well as its effect, as is&lt;br /&gt;shown by the pollution, is of a purely libidinous nature. Sexual&lt;br /&gt;excitement became aroused during the sleeping state (in the dream this&lt;br /&gt;is represented by the rapid running or sliding down the stairs) and the&lt;br /&gt;sadistic thread in this is, on the basis of the pugnacious playing,&lt;br /&gt;indicated in the pursuing and overcoming of the child. The libidinous&lt;br /&gt;excitement becomes enhanced and urges to sexual action (represented in&lt;br /&gt;the dream by the grasping of the child and the conveyance of it to the&lt;br /&gt;middle of the stairway). Up to this point the dream would be one of&lt;br /&gt;pure, sexual symbolism, and obscure for the unpracticed dream&lt;br /&gt;interpreter. But this symbolic gratification, which would have insured&lt;br /&gt;undisturbed sleep, was not sufficient for the powerful libidinous&lt;br /&gt;excitement. The excitement leads to an orgasm, and thus the whole&lt;br /&gt;stairway symbolism is unmasked as a substitute for coitus. Freud lays&lt;br /&gt;stress on the rhythmical character of both actions as one of the reasons&lt;br /&gt;for the sexual utilization of the stairway symbolism, and this dream&lt;br /&gt;especially seems to corroborate this, for, according to the express&lt;br /&gt;assertion of the dreamer, the rhythm of a sexual act was the most&lt;br /&gt;pronounced feature in the whole dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Still another remark concerning the two pictures, which, aside from&lt;br /&gt;their real significance, also have the value of "Weibsbilder" (literally&lt;br /&gt;_woman-pictures_, but idiomatically _women_). This is at once shown by&lt;br /&gt;the fact that the dream deals with a big and a little picture, just as&lt;br /&gt;the dream content presents a big (grown up) and a little girl. That&lt;br /&gt;cheap pictures could also be obtained points to the prostitution&lt;br /&gt;complex, just as the dreamer's surname on the little picture and the&lt;br /&gt;thought that it was intended for his birthday, point to the parent&lt;br /&gt;complex (to be born on the stairway--to be conceived in coitus).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The indistinct final scene, in which the dreamer sees himself on the&lt;br /&gt;staircase landing lying in bed and feeling wet, seems to go back into&lt;br /&gt;childhood even beyond the infantile onanism, and manifestly has its&lt;br /&gt;prototype in similarly pleasurable scenes of bed-wetting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. A modified stair-dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To one of my very nervous patients, who was an abstainer, whose fancy&lt;br /&gt;was fixed on his mother, and who repeatedly dreamed of climbing stairs&lt;br /&gt;accompanied by his mother, I once remarked that moderate masturbation&lt;br /&gt;would be less harmful to him than enforced abstinence. This influence&lt;br /&gt;provoked the following dream:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"His piano teacher reproaches him for neglecting his piano-playing, and&lt;br /&gt;for not practicing the _Etudes_ of Moscheles and Clementi's _Gradus ad&lt;br /&gt;Parnassum_." In relation to this he remarked that the _Gradus_ is only a&lt;br /&gt;stairway, and that the piano itself is only a stairway as it has a&lt;br /&gt;scale.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is correct to say that there is no series of associations which&lt;br /&gt;cannot be adapted to the representation of sexual facts. I conclude with&lt;br /&gt;the dream of a chemist, a young man, who has been trying to give up his&lt;br /&gt;habit of masturbation by replacing it with intercourse with women.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;_Preliminary statement._--On the day before the dream he had given a&lt;br /&gt;student instruction concerning Grignard's reaction, in which magnesium&lt;br /&gt;is to be dissolved in absolutely pure ether under the catalytic&lt;br /&gt;influence of iodine. Two days before, there had been an explosion in the&lt;br /&gt;course of the same reaction, in which the investigator had burned his&lt;br /&gt;hand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dream I. _He is to make phenylmagnesium-bromid; he sees the apparatus&lt;br /&gt;with particular clearness, but he has substituted himself for the&lt;br /&gt;magnesium. He is now in a curious swaying attitude. He keeps repeating&lt;br /&gt;to himself, "This is the right thing, it is working, my feet are&lt;br /&gt;beginning to dissolve and my knees are getting soft." Then he reaches&lt;br /&gt;down and feels for his feet, and meanwhile (he does not know how) he&lt;br /&gt;takes his legs out of the crucible, and then again he says to himself,&lt;br /&gt;"That cannot be.... Yes, it must be so, it has been done correctly."&lt;br /&gt;Then he partially awakens, and repeats the dream to himself, because he&lt;br /&gt;wants to tell it to me. He is distinctly afraid of the analysis of the&lt;br /&gt;dream. He is much excited during this semi-sleeping state, and repeats&lt;br /&gt;continually, "Phenyl, phenyl."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;II. _He is in ... ing with his whole family; at half-past eleven. He is&lt;br /&gt;to be at the Schottenthor for a rendezvous with a certain lady, but he&lt;br /&gt;does not wake up until half-past eleven. He says to himself, "It is too&lt;br /&gt;late now; when you get there it will be half-past twelve." The next&lt;br /&gt;instant he sees the whole family gathered about the table--his mother&lt;br /&gt;and the servant girl with the soup-tureen with particular clearness.&lt;br /&gt;Then he says to himself, "Well, if we are eating already, I certainly&lt;br /&gt;can't get away."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analysis: He feels sure that even the first dream contains a reference&lt;br /&gt;to the lady whom he is to meet at the rendezvous (the dream was dreamed&lt;br /&gt;during the night before the expected meeting). The student to whom he&lt;br /&gt;gave the instruction is a particularly unpleasant fellow; he had said to&lt;br /&gt;the chemist: "That isn't right," because the magnesium was still&lt;br /&gt;unaffected, and the latter answered as though he did not care anything&lt;br /&gt;about it: "It certainly isn't right." He himself must be this student;&lt;br /&gt;he is as indifferent towards his analysis as the student is towards his&lt;br /&gt;synthesis; the _He_ in the dream, however, who accomplishes the&lt;br /&gt;operation, is myself. How unpleasant he must seem to me with his&lt;br /&gt;indifference towards the success achieved!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, he is the material with which the analysis (synthesis) is&lt;br /&gt;made. For it is a question of the success of the treatment. The legs in&lt;br /&gt;the dream recall an impression of the previous evening. He met a lady at&lt;br /&gt;a dancing lesson whom he wished to conquer; he pressed her to him so&lt;br /&gt;closely that she once cried out. After he had stopped pressing against&lt;br /&gt;her legs, he felt her firm responding pressure against his lower thighs&lt;br /&gt;as far as just above his knees, at the place mentioned in the dream. In&lt;br /&gt;this situation, then, the woman is the magnesium in the retort, which is&lt;br /&gt;at last working. He is feminine towards me, as he is masculine towards&lt;br /&gt;the woman. If it will work with the woman, the treatment will also work.&lt;br /&gt;Feeling and becoming aware of himself in the region of his knees refers&lt;br /&gt;to masturbation, and corresponds to his fatigue of the previous day....&lt;br /&gt;The rendezvous had actually been set for half-past eleven. His wish to&lt;br /&gt;oversleep and to remain with his usual sexual objects (that is, with&lt;br /&gt;masturbation) corresponds with his resistance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] It is only of late that I have learned to value the significance of&lt;br /&gt;fancies and unconscious thoughts about life in the womb. They contain&lt;br /&gt;the explanation of the curious fear felt by so many people of being&lt;br /&gt;buried alive, as well as the profoundest unconscious reason for the&lt;br /&gt;belief in a life after death which represents nothing but a projection&lt;br /&gt;into the future of this mysterious life before birth. _The act of birth,&lt;br /&gt;moreover, is the first experience with fear, and is thus the source and&lt;br /&gt;model of the emotion of fear._&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] Cf. _Zentralblatt für psychoanalyse_, I.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[3] Or chapel--vagina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[4] Symbol of coitus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[5] Mons veneris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[6] Crines pubis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[7] Demons in cloaks and capucines are, according to the explanation of&lt;br /&gt;a man versed in the subject, of a phallic nature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[8] The two halves of the scrotum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[9] See _Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_, vol. i., p. 2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE WISH IN DREAMS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That the dream should be nothing but a wish-fulfillment surely seemed&lt;br /&gt;strange to us all--and that not alone because of the contradictions&lt;br /&gt;offered by the anxiety dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After learning from the first analytical explanations that the dream&lt;br /&gt;conceals sense and psychic validity, we could hardly expect so simple a&lt;br /&gt;determination of this sense. According to the correct but concise&lt;br /&gt;definition of Aristotle, the dream is a continuation of thinking in&lt;br /&gt;sleep (in so far as one sleeps). Considering that during the day our&lt;br /&gt;thoughts produce such a diversity of psychic acts--judgments,&lt;br /&gt;conclusions, contradictions, expectations, intentions, &amp;c.--why should&lt;br /&gt;our sleeping thoughts be forced to confine themselves to the production&lt;br /&gt;of wishes? Are there not, on the contrary, many dreams that present a&lt;br /&gt;different psychic act in dream form, _e.g._, a solicitude, and is not&lt;br /&gt;the very transparent father's dream mentioned above of just such a&lt;br /&gt;nature? From the gleam of light falling into his eyes while asleep the&lt;br /&gt;father draws the solicitous conclusion that a candle has been upset and&lt;br /&gt;may have set fire to the corpse; he transforms this conclusion into a&lt;br /&gt;dream by investing it with a senseful situation enacted in the present&lt;br /&gt;tense. What part is played in this dream by the wish-fulfillment, and&lt;br /&gt;which are we to suspect--the predominance of the thought continued from,&lt;br /&gt;the waking state or of the thought incited by the new sensory&lt;br /&gt;impression?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these considerations are just, and force us to enter more deeply&lt;br /&gt;into the part played by the wish-fulfillment in the dream, and into the&lt;br /&gt;significance of the waking thoughts continued in sleep.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is in fact the wish-fulfillment that has already induced us to&lt;br /&gt;separate dreams into two groups. We have found some dreams that were&lt;br /&gt;plainly wish-fulfillments; and others in which wish-fulfillment could&lt;br /&gt;not be recognized, and was frequently concealed by every available&lt;br /&gt;means. In this latter class of dreams we recognized the influence of the&lt;br /&gt;dream censor. The undisguised wish dreams were chiefly found in&lt;br /&gt;children, yet fleeting open-hearted wish dreams _seemed_ (I purposely&lt;br /&gt;emphasize this word) to occur also in adults.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We may now ask whence the wish fulfilled in the dream originates. But to&lt;br /&gt;what opposition or to what diversity do we refer this "whence"? I think&lt;br /&gt;it is to the opposition between conscious daily life and a psychic&lt;br /&gt;activity remaining unconscious which can only make itself noticeable&lt;br /&gt;during the night. I thus find a threefold possibility for the origin of&lt;br /&gt;a wish. Firstly, it may have been incited during the day, and owing to&lt;br /&gt;external circumstances failed to find gratification, there is thus left&lt;br /&gt;for the night an acknowledged but unfulfilled wish. Secondly, it may&lt;br /&gt;come to the surface during the day but be rejected, leaving an&lt;br /&gt;unfulfilled but suppressed wish. Or, thirdly, it may have no relation to&lt;br /&gt;daily life, and belong to those wishes that originate during the night&lt;br /&gt;from the suppression. If we now follow our scheme of the psychic&lt;br /&gt;apparatus, we can localize a wish of the first order in the system&lt;br /&gt;Forec. We may assume that a wish of the second order has been forced&lt;br /&gt;back from the Forec. system into the Unc. system, where alone, if&lt;br /&gt;anywhere, it can maintain itself; while a wish-feeling of the third&lt;br /&gt;order we consider altogether incapable of leaving the Unc. system. This&lt;br /&gt;brings up the question whether wishes arising from these different&lt;br /&gt;sources possess the same value for the dream, and whether they have the&lt;br /&gt;same power to incite a dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On reviewing the dreams which we have at our disposal for answering this&lt;br /&gt;question, we are at once moved to add as a fourth source of the&lt;br /&gt;dream-wish the actual wish incitements arising during the night, such&lt;br /&gt;as thirst and sexual desire. It then becomes evident that the source of&lt;br /&gt;the dream-wish does not affect its capacity to incite a dream. That a&lt;br /&gt;wish suppressed during the day asserts itself in the dream can be shown&lt;br /&gt;by a great many examples. I shall mention a very simple example of this&lt;br /&gt;class. A somewhat sarcastic young lady, whose younger friend has become&lt;br /&gt;engaged to be married, is asked throughout the day by her acquaintances&lt;br /&gt;whether she knows and what she thinks of the fiancé. She answers with&lt;br /&gt;unqualified praise, thereby silencing her own judgment, as she would&lt;br /&gt;prefer to tell the truth, namely, that he is an ordinary person. The&lt;br /&gt;following night she dreams that the same question is put to her, and&lt;br /&gt;that she replies with the formula: "In case of subsequent orders it will&lt;br /&gt;suffice to mention the number." Finally, we have learned from numerous&lt;br /&gt;analyses that the wish in all dreams that have been subject to&lt;br /&gt;distortion has been derived from the unconscious, and has been unable to&lt;br /&gt;come to perception in the waking state. Thus it would appear that all&lt;br /&gt;wishes are of the same value and force for the dream formation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am at present unable to prove that the state of affairs is really&lt;br /&gt;different, but I am strongly inclined to assume a more stringent&lt;br /&gt;determination of the dream-wish. Children's dreams leave no doubt that&lt;br /&gt;an unfulfilled wish of the day may be the instigator of the dream. But&lt;br /&gt;we must not forget that it is, after all, the wish of a child, that it&lt;br /&gt;is a wish-feeling of infantile strength only. I have a strong doubt&lt;br /&gt;whether an unfulfilled wish from the day would suffice to create a dream&lt;br /&gt;in an adult. It would rather seem that as we learn to control our&lt;br /&gt;impulses by intellectual activity, we more and more reject as vain the&lt;br /&gt;formation or retention of such intense wishes as are natural to&lt;br /&gt;childhood. In this, indeed, there may be individual variations; some&lt;br /&gt;retain the infantile type of psychic processes longer than others. The&lt;br /&gt;differences are here the same as those found in the gradual decline of&lt;br /&gt;the originally distinct visual imagination.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In general, however, I am of the opinion that unfulfilled wishes of the&lt;br /&gt;day are insufficient to produce a dream in adults. I readily admit that&lt;br /&gt;the wish instigators originating in conscious like contribute towards&lt;br /&gt;the incitement of dreams, but that is probably all. The dream would not&lt;br /&gt;originate if the foreconscious wish were not reinforced from another&lt;br /&gt;source.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That source is the unconscious. I believe that _the conscious wish is a&lt;br /&gt;dream inciter only if it succeeds in arousing a similar unconscious wish&lt;br /&gt;which reinforces it_. Following the suggestions obtained through the&lt;br /&gt;psychoanalysis of the neuroses, I believe that these unconscious wishes&lt;br /&gt;are always active and ready for expression whenever they find an&lt;br /&gt;opportunity to unite themselves with an emotion from conscious life, and&lt;br /&gt;that they transfer their greater intensity to the lesser intensity of&lt;br /&gt;the latter.[1] It may therefore seem that the conscious wish alone has&lt;br /&gt;been realized in a dream; but a slight peculiarity in the formation of&lt;br /&gt;this dream will put us on the track of the powerful helper from the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious. These ever active and, as it were, immortal wishes from the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious recall the legendary Titans who from time immemorial have&lt;br /&gt;borne the ponderous mountains which were once rolled upon them by the&lt;br /&gt;victorious gods, and which even now quiver from time to time from the&lt;br /&gt;convulsions of their mighty limbs; I say that these wishes found in the&lt;br /&gt;repression are of themselves of an infantile origin, as we have learned&lt;br /&gt;from the psychological investigation of the neuroses. I should like,&lt;br /&gt;therefore, to withdraw the opinion previously expressed that it is&lt;br /&gt;unimportant whence the dream-wish originates, and replace it by another,&lt;br /&gt;as follows: _The wish manifested in the dream must be an infantile one_.&lt;br /&gt;In the adult it originates in the Unc., while in the child, where no&lt;br /&gt;separation and censor as yet exist between Forec. and Unc., or where&lt;br /&gt;these are only in the process of formation, it is an unfulfilled and&lt;br /&gt;unrepressed wish from the waking state. I am aware that this conception&lt;br /&gt;cannot be generally demonstrated, but I maintain nevertheless that it&lt;br /&gt;can be frequently demonstrated, even when it was not suspected, and that&lt;br /&gt;it cannot be generally refuted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wish-feelings which remain from the conscious waking state are,&lt;br /&gt;therefore, relegated to the background in the dream formation. In the&lt;br /&gt;dream content I shall attribute to them only the part attributed to the&lt;br /&gt;material of actual sensations during sleep. If I now take into account&lt;br /&gt;those other psychic instigations remaining from the waking state which&lt;br /&gt;are not wishes, I shall only adhere to the line mapped out for me by&lt;br /&gt;this train of thought. We may succeed in provisionally terminating the&lt;br /&gt;sum of energy of our waking thoughts by deciding to go to sleep. He is a&lt;br /&gt;good sleeper who can do this; Napoleon I. is reputed to have been a&lt;br /&gt;model of this sort. But we do not always succeed in accomplishing it, or&lt;br /&gt;in accomplishing it perfectly. Unsolved problems, harassing cares,&lt;br /&gt;overwhelming impressions continue the thinking activity even during&lt;br /&gt;sleep, maintaining psychic processes in the system which we have termed&lt;br /&gt;the foreconscious. These mental processes continuing into sleep may be&lt;br /&gt;divided into the following groups: 1, That which has not been terminated&lt;br /&gt;during the day owing to casual prevention; 2, that which has been left&lt;br /&gt;unfinished by temporary paralysis of our mental power, _i.e._ the&lt;br /&gt;unsolved; 3, that which has been rejected and suppressed during the day.&lt;br /&gt;This unites with a powerful group (4) formed by that which has been&lt;br /&gt;excited in our Unc. during the day by the work of the foreconscious.&lt;br /&gt;Finally, we may add group (5) consisting of the indifferent and hence&lt;br /&gt;unsettled impressions of the day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We should not underrate the psychic intensities introduced into sleep by&lt;br /&gt;these remnants of waking life, especially those emanating from the group&lt;br /&gt;of the unsolved. These excitations surely continue to strive for&lt;br /&gt;expression during the night, and we may assume with equal certainty that&lt;br /&gt;the sleeping state renders impossible the usual continuation of the&lt;br /&gt;excitement in the foreconscious and the termination of the excitement by&lt;br /&gt;its becoming conscious. As far as we can normally become conscious of&lt;br /&gt;our mental processes, even during the night, in so far we are not&lt;br /&gt;asleep. I shall not venture to state what change is produced in the&lt;br /&gt;Forec. system by the sleeping state, but there is no doubt that the&lt;br /&gt;psychological character of sleep is essentially due to the change of&lt;br /&gt;energy in this very system, which also dominates the approach to&lt;br /&gt;motility, which is paralyzed during sleep. In contradistinction to this,&lt;br /&gt;there seems to be nothing in the psychology of the dream to warrant the&lt;br /&gt;assumption that sleep produces any but secondary changes in the&lt;br /&gt;conditions of the Unc. system. Hence, for the nocturnal excitation in&lt;br /&gt;the Force, there remains no other path than that followed by the wish&lt;br /&gt;excitements from the Unc. This excitation must seek reinforcement from&lt;br /&gt;the Unc., and follow the detours of the unconscious excitations. But&lt;br /&gt;what is the relation of the foreconscious day remnants to the dream?&lt;br /&gt;There is no doubt that they penetrate abundantly into the dream, that&lt;br /&gt;they utilize the dream content to obtrude themselves upon consciousness&lt;br /&gt;even during the night; indeed, they occasionally even dominate the dream&lt;br /&gt;content, and impel it to continue the work of the day; it is also&lt;br /&gt;certain that the day remnants may just as well have any other character&lt;br /&gt;as that of wishes; but it is highly instructive and even decisive for&lt;br /&gt;the theory of wish-fulfillment to see what conditions they must comply&lt;br /&gt;with in order to be received into the dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let us pick out one of the dreams cited above as examples, _e.g._, the&lt;br /&gt;dream in which my friend Otto seems to show the symptoms of Basedow's&lt;br /&gt;disease. My friend Otto's appearance occasioned me some concern during&lt;br /&gt;the day, and this worry, like everything else referring to this person,&lt;br /&gt;affected me. I may also assume that these feelings followed me into&lt;br /&gt;sleep. I was probably bent on finding out what was the matter with him.&lt;br /&gt;In the night my worry found expression in the dream which I have&lt;br /&gt;reported, the content of which was not only senseless, but failed to&lt;br /&gt;show any wish-fulfillment. But I began to investigate for the source of&lt;br /&gt;this incongruous expression of the solicitude felt during the day, and&lt;br /&gt;analysis revealed the connection. I identified my friend Otto with a&lt;br /&gt;certain Baron L. and myself with a Professor R. There was only one&lt;br /&gt;explanation for my being impelled to select just this substitution for&lt;br /&gt;the day thought. I must have always been prepared in the Unc. to&lt;br /&gt;identify myself with Professor R., as it meant the realization of one of&lt;br /&gt;the immortal infantile wishes, viz. that of becoming great. Repulsive&lt;br /&gt;ideas respecting my friend, that would certainly have been repudiated&lt;br /&gt;in a waking state, took advantage of the opportunity to creep into the&lt;br /&gt;dream, but the worry of the day likewise found some form of expression&lt;br /&gt;through a substitution in the dream content. The day thought, which was&lt;br /&gt;no wish in itself but rather a worry, had in some way to find a&lt;br /&gt;connection with the infantile now unconscious and suppressed wish, which&lt;br /&gt;then allowed it, though already properly prepared, to "originate" for&lt;br /&gt;consciousness. The more dominating this worry, the stronger must be the&lt;br /&gt;connection to be established; between the contents of the wish and that&lt;br /&gt;of the worry there need be no connection, nor was there one in any of&lt;br /&gt;our examples.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We can now sharply define the significance of the unconscious wish for&lt;br /&gt;the dream. It may be admitted that there is a whole class of dreams in&lt;br /&gt;which the incitement originates preponderatingly or even exclusively&lt;br /&gt;from the remnants of daily life; and I believe that even my cherished&lt;br /&gt;desire to become at some future time a "professor extraordinarius" would&lt;br /&gt;have allowed me to slumber undisturbed that night had not my worry about&lt;br /&gt;my friend's health been still active. But this worry alone would not&lt;br /&gt;have produced a dream; the motive power needed by the dream had to be&lt;br /&gt;contributed by a wish, and it was the affair of the worriment to&lt;br /&gt;procure for itself such wish as a motive power of the dream. To speak&lt;br /&gt;figuratively, it is quite possible that a day thought plays the part of&lt;br /&gt;the contractor (_entrepreneur_) in the dream. But it is known that no&lt;br /&gt;matter what idea the contractor may have in mind, and how desirous he&lt;br /&gt;may be of putting it into operation, he can do nothing without capital;&lt;br /&gt;he must depend upon a capitalist to defray the necessary expenses, and&lt;br /&gt;this capitalist, who supplies the psychic expenditure for the dream is&lt;br /&gt;invariably and indisputably _a wish from the unconscious_, no matter&lt;br /&gt;what the nature of the waking thought may be.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In other cases the capitalist himself is the contractor for the dream;&lt;br /&gt;this, indeed, seems to be the more usual case. An unconscious wish is&lt;br /&gt;produced by the day's work, which in turn creates the dream. The dream&lt;br /&gt;processes, moreover, run parallel with all the other possibilities of&lt;br /&gt;the economic relationship used here as an illustration. Thus, the&lt;br /&gt;entrepreneur may contribute some capital himself, or several&lt;br /&gt;entrepreneurs may seek the aid of the same capitalist, or several&lt;br /&gt;capitalists may jointly supply the capital required by the entrepreneur.&lt;br /&gt;Thus there are dreams produced by more than one dream-wish, and many&lt;br /&gt;similar variations which may readily be passed over and are of no&lt;br /&gt;further interest to us. What we have left unfinished in this discussion&lt;br /&gt;of the dream-wish we shall be able to develop later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The "tertium comparationis" in the comparisons just employed--_i.e._ the&lt;br /&gt;sum placed at our free disposal in proper allotment--admits of still&lt;br /&gt;finer application for the illustration of the dream structure. We can&lt;br /&gt;recognize in most dreams a center especially supplied with perceptible&lt;br /&gt;intensity. This is regularly the direct representation of the&lt;br /&gt;wish-fulfillment; for, if we undo the displacements of the dream-work by&lt;br /&gt;a process of retrogression, we find that the psychic intensity of the&lt;br /&gt;elements in the dream thoughts is replaced by the perceptible intensity&lt;br /&gt;of the elements in the dream content. The elements adjoining the&lt;br /&gt;wish-fulfillment have frequently nothing to do with its sense, but prove&lt;br /&gt;to be descendants of painful thoughts which oppose the wish. But, owing&lt;br /&gt;to their frequently artificial connection with the central element, they&lt;br /&gt;have acquired sufficient intensity to enable them to come to expression.&lt;br /&gt;Thus, the force of expression of the wish-fulfillment is diffused over a&lt;br /&gt;certain sphere of association, within which it raises to expression all&lt;br /&gt;elements, including those that are in themselves impotent. In dreams&lt;br /&gt;having several strong wishes we can readily separate from one another&lt;br /&gt;the spheres of the individual wish-fulfillments; the gaps in the dream&lt;br /&gt;likewise can often be explained as boundary zones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although the foregoing remarks have considerably limited the&lt;br /&gt;significance of the day remnants for the dream, it will nevertheless be&lt;br /&gt;worth our while to give them some attention. For they must be a&lt;br /&gt;necessary ingredient in the formation of the dream, inasmuch as&lt;br /&gt;experience reveals the surprising fact that every dream shows in its&lt;br /&gt;content a connection with some impression of a recent day, often of the&lt;br /&gt;most indifferent kind. So far we have failed to see any necessity for&lt;br /&gt;this addition to the dream mixture. This necessity appears only when we&lt;br /&gt;follow closely the part played by the unconscious wish, and then seek&lt;br /&gt;information in the psychology of the neuroses. We thus learn that the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious idea, as such, is altogether incapable of entering into the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious, and that it can exert an influence there only by uniting&lt;br /&gt;with a harmless idea already belonging to the foreconscious, to which it&lt;br /&gt;transfers its intensity and under which it allows itself to be&lt;br /&gt;concealed. This is the fact of transference which furnishes an&lt;br /&gt;explanation for so many surprising occurrences in the psychic life of&lt;br /&gt;neurotics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea from the foreconscious which thus obtains an unmerited&lt;br /&gt;abundance of intensity may be left unchanged by the transference, or it&lt;br /&gt;may have forced upon it a modification from the content of the&lt;br /&gt;transferring idea. I trust the reader will pardon my fondness for&lt;br /&gt;comparisons from daily life, but I feel tempted to say that the&lt;br /&gt;relations existing for the repressed idea are similar to the situations&lt;br /&gt;existing in Austria for the American dentist, who is forbidden to&lt;br /&gt;practise unless he gets permission from a regular physician to use his&lt;br /&gt;name on the public signboard and thus cover the legal requirements.&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, just as it is naturally not the busiest physicians who form&lt;br /&gt;such alliances with dental practitioners, so in the psychic life only&lt;br /&gt;such foreconscious or conscious ideas are chosen to cover a repressed&lt;br /&gt;idea as have not themselves attracted much of the attention which is&lt;br /&gt;operative in the foreconscious. The unconscious entangles with its&lt;br /&gt;connections preferentially either those impressions and ideas of the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious which have been left unnoticed as indifferent, or those&lt;br /&gt;that have soon been deprived of this attention through rejection. It is&lt;br /&gt;a familiar fact from the association studies confirmed by every&lt;br /&gt;experience, that ideas which have formed intimate connections in one&lt;br /&gt;direction assume an almost negative attitude to whole groups of new&lt;br /&gt;connections. I once tried from this principle to develop a theory for&lt;br /&gt;hysterical paralysis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If we assume that the same need for the transference of the repressed&lt;br /&gt;ideas which we have learned to know from the analysis of the neuroses&lt;br /&gt;makes its influence felt in the dream as well, we can at once explain&lt;br /&gt;two riddles of the dream, viz. that every dream analysis shows an&lt;br /&gt;interweaving of a recent impression, and that this recent element is&lt;br /&gt;frequently of the most indifferent character. We may add what we have&lt;br /&gt;already learned elsewhere, that these recent and indifferent elements&lt;br /&gt;come so frequently into the dream content as a substitute for the most&lt;br /&gt;deep-lying of the dream thoughts, for the further reason that they have&lt;br /&gt;least to fear from the resisting censor. But while this freedom from&lt;br /&gt;censorship explains only the preference for trivial elements, the&lt;br /&gt;constant presence of recent elements points to the fact that there is a&lt;br /&gt;need for transference. Both groups of impressions satisfy the demand of&lt;br /&gt;the repression for material still free from associations, the&lt;br /&gt;indifferent ones because they have offered no inducement for extensive&lt;br /&gt;associations, and the recent ones because they have had insufficient&lt;br /&gt;time to form such associations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We thus see that the day remnants, among which we may now include the&lt;br /&gt;indifferent impressions when they participate in the dream formation,&lt;br /&gt;not only borrow from the Unc. the motive power at the disposal of the&lt;br /&gt;repressed wish, but also offer to the unconscious something&lt;br /&gt;indispensable, namely, the attachment necessary to the transference. If&lt;br /&gt;we here attempted to penetrate more deeply into the psychic processes,&lt;br /&gt;we should first have to throw more light on the play of emotions between&lt;br /&gt;the foreconscious and the unconscious, to which, indeed, we are urged by&lt;br /&gt;the study of the psychoneuroses, whereas the dream itself offers no&lt;br /&gt;assistance in this respect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just one further remark about the day remnants. There is no doubt that&lt;br /&gt;they are the actual disturbers of sleep, and not the dream, which, on&lt;br /&gt;the contrary, strives to guard sleep. But we shall return to this point&lt;br /&gt;later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have so far discussed the dream-wish, we have traced it to the sphere&lt;br /&gt;of the Unc., and analyzed its relations to the day remnants, which in&lt;br /&gt;turn may be either wishes, psychic emotions of any other kind, or simply&lt;br /&gt;recent impressions. We have thus made room for any claims that may be&lt;br /&gt;made for the importance of conscious thought activity in dream&lt;br /&gt;formations in all its variations. Relying upon our thought series, it&lt;br /&gt;would not be at all impossible for us to explain even those extreme&lt;br /&gt;cases in which the dream as a continuer of the day work brings to a&lt;br /&gt;happy conclusion and unsolved problem possess an example, the analysis&lt;br /&gt;of which might reveal the infantile or repressed wish source furnishing&lt;br /&gt;such alliance and successful strengthening of the efforts of the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious activity. But we have not come one step nearer a solution&lt;br /&gt;of the riddle: Why can the unconscious furnish the motive power for the&lt;br /&gt;wish-fulfillment only during sleep? The answer to this question must&lt;br /&gt;throw light on the psychic nature of wishes; and it will be given with&lt;br /&gt;the aid of the diagram of the psychic apparatus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We do not doubt that even this apparatus attained its present perfection&lt;br /&gt;through a long course of development. Let us attempt to restore it as it&lt;br /&gt;existed in an early phase of its activity. From assumptions, to be&lt;br /&gt;confirmed elsewhere, we know that at first the apparatus strove to keep&lt;br /&gt;as free from excitement as possible, and in its first formation,&lt;br /&gt;therefore, the scheme took the form of a reflex apparatus, which enabled&lt;br /&gt;it promptly to discharge through the motor tracts any sensible stimulus&lt;br /&gt;reaching it from without. But this simple function was disturbed by the&lt;br /&gt;wants of life, which likewise furnish the impulse for the further&lt;br /&gt;development of the apparatus. The wants of life first manifested&lt;br /&gt;themselves to it in the form of the great physical needs. The excitement&lt;br /&gt;aroused by the inner want seeks an outlet in motility, which may be&lt;br /&gt;designated as "inner changes" or as an "expression of the emotions." The&lt;br /&gt;hungry child cries or fidgets helplessly, but its situation remains&lt;br /&gt;unchanged; for the excitation proceeding from an inner want requires,&lt;br /&gt;not a momentary outbreak, but a force working continuously. A change can&lt;br /&gt;occur only if in some way a feeling of gratification is&lt;br /&gt;experienced--which in the case of the child must be through outside&lt;br /&gt;help--in order to remove the inner excitement. An essential constituent&lt;br /&gt;of this experience is the appearance of a certain perception (of food in&lt;br /&gt;our example), the memory picture of which thereafter remains associated&lt;br /&gt;with the memory trace of the excitation of want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thanks to the established connection, there results at the next&lt;br /&gt;appearance of this want a psychic feeling which revives the memory&lt;br /&gt;picture of the former perception, and thus recalls the former perception&lt;br /&gt;itself, _i.e._ it actually re-establishes the situation of the first&lt;br /&gt;gratification. We call such a feeling a wish; the reappearance of the&lt;br /&gt;perception constitutes the wish-fulfillment, and the full revival of the&lt;br /&gt;perception by the want excitement constitutes the shortest road to the&lt;br /&gt;wish-fulfillment. We may assume a primitive condition of the psychic&lt;br /&gt;apparatus in which this road is really followed, _i.e._ where the&lt;br /&gt;wishing merges into an hallucination, This first psychic activity&lt;br /&gt;therefore aims at an identity of perception, _i.e._ it aims at a&lt;br /&gt;repetition of that perception which is connected with the fulfillment of&lt;br /&gt;the want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This primitive mental activity must have been modified by bitter&lt;br /&gt;practical experience into a more expedient secondary activity. The&lt;br /&gt;establishment of the identity perception on the short regressive road&lt;br /&gt;within the apparatus does not in another respect carry with it the&lt;br /&gt;result which inevitably follows the revival of the same perception from&lt;br /&gt;without. The gratification does not take place, and the want continues.&lt;br /&gt;In order to equalize the internal with the external sum of energy, the&lt;br /&gt;former must be continually maintained, just as actually happens in the&lt;br /&gt;hallucinatory psychoses and in the deliriums of hunger which exhaust&lt;br /&gt;their psychic capacity in clinging to the object desired. In order to&lt;br /&gt;make more appropriate use of the psychic force, it becomes necessary to&lt;br /&gt;inhibit the full regression so as to prevent it from extending beyond&lt;br /&gt;the image of memory, whence it can select other paths leading ultimately&lt;br /&gt;to the establishment of the desired identity from the outer world. This&lt;br /&gt;inhibition and consequent deviation from the excitation becomes the&lt;br /&gt;task of a second system which dominates the voluntary motility, _i.e._&lt;br /&gt;through whose activity the expenditure of motility is now devoted to&lt;br /&gt;previously recalled purposes. But this entire complicated mental&lt;br /&gt;activity which works its way from the memory picture to the&lt;br /&gt;establishment of the perception identity from the outer world merely&lt;br /&gt;represents a detour which has been forced upon the wish-fulfillment by&lt;br /&gt;experience.[2] Thinking is indeed nothing but the equivalent of the&lt;br /&gt;hallucinatory wish; and if the dream be called a wish-fulfillment this&lt;br /&gt;becomes self-evident, as nothing but a wish can impel our psychic&lt;br /&gt;apparatus to activity. The dream, which in fulfilling its wishes follows&lt;br /&gt;the short regressive path, thereby preserves for us only an example of&lt;br /&gt;the primary form of the psychic apparatus which has been abandoned as&lt;br /&gt;inexpedient. What once ruled in the waking state when the psychic life&lt;br /&gt;was still young and unfit seems to have been banished into the sleeping&lt;br /&gt;state, just as we see again in the nursery the bow and arrow, the&lt;br /&gt;discarded primitive weapons of grown-up humanity. _The dream is a&lt;br /&gt;fragment of the abandoned psychic life of the child._ In the psychoses&lt;br /&gt;these modes of operation of the psychic apparatus, which are normally&lt;br /&gt;suppressed in the waking state, reassert themselves, and then betray&lt;br /&gt;their inability to satisfy our wants in the outer world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The unconscious wish-feelings evidently strive to assert themselves&lt;br /&gt;during the day also, and the fact of transference and the psychoses&lt;br /&gt;teach us that they endeavor to penetrate to consciousness and dominate&lt;br /&gt;motility by the road leading through the system of the foreconscious. It&lt;br /&gt;is, therefore, the censor lying between the Unc. and the Forec., the&lt;br /&gt;assumption of which is forced upon us by the dream, that we have to&lt;br /&gt;recognize and honor as the guardian of our psychic health. But is it not&lt;br /&gt;carelessness on the part of this guardian to diminish its vigilance&lt;br /&gt;during the night and to allow the suppressed emotions of the Unc. to&lt;br /&gt;come to expression, thus again making possible the hallucinatory&lt;br /&gt;regression? I think not, for when the critical guardian goes to&lt;br /&gt;rest--and we have proof that his slumber is not profound--he takes care&lt;br /&gt;to close the gate to motility. No matter what feelings from the&lt;br /&gt;otherwise inhibited Unc. may roam about on the scene, they need not be&lt;br /&gt;interfered with; they remain harmless because they are unable to put in&lt;br /&gt;motion the motor apparatus which alone can exert a modifying influence&lt;br /&gt;upon the outer world. Sleep guarantees the security of the fortress&lt;br /&gt;which is under guard. Conditions are less harmless when a displacement&lt;br /&gt;of forces is produced, not through a nocturnal diminution in the&lt;br /&gt;operation of the critical censor, but through pathological enfeeblement&lt;br /&gt;of the latter or through pathological reinforcement of the unconscious&lt;br /&gt;excitations, and this while the foreconscious is charged with energy and&lt;br /&gt;the avenues to motility are open. The guardian is then overpowered, the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious excitations subdue the Forec.; through it they dominate our&lt;br /&gt;speech and actions, or they enforce the hallucinatory regression, thus&lt;br /&gt;governing an apparatus not designed for them by virtue of the attraction&lt;br /&gt;exerted by the perceptions on the distribution of our psychic energy. We&lt;br /&gt;call this condition a psychosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We are now in the best position to complete our psychological&lt;br /&gt;construction, which has been interrupted by the introduction of the two&lt;br /&gt;systems, Unc. and Forec. We have still, however, ample reason for giving&lt;br /&gt;further consideration to the wish as the sole psychic motive power in&lt;br /&gt;the dream. We have explained that the reason why the dream is in every&lt;br /&gt;case a wish realization is because it is a product of the Unc., which&lt;br /&gt;knows no other aim in its activity but the fulfillment of wishes, and&lt;br /&gt;which has no other forces at its disposal but wish-feelings. If we&lt;br /&gt;avail ourselves for a moment longer of the right to elaborate from the&lt;br /&gt;dream interpretation such far-reaching psychological speculations, we&lt;br /&gt;are in duty bound to demonstrate that we are thereby bringing the dream&lt;br /&gt;into a relationship which may also comprise other psychic structures. If&lt;br /&gt;there exists a system of the Unc.--or something sufficiently analogous&lt;br /&gt;to it for the purpose of our discussion--the dream cannot be its sole&lt;br /&gt;manifestation; every dream may be a wish-fulfillment, but there must be&lt;br /&gt;other forms of abnormal wish-fulfillment beside this of dreams. Indeed,&lt;br /&gt;the theory of all psychoneurotic symptoms culminates in the proposition&lt;br /&gt;_that they too must be taken as wish-fulfillments of the unconscious_.&lt;br /&gt;Our explanation makes the dream only the first member of a group most&lt;br /&gt;important for the psychiatrist, an understanding of which means the&lt;br /&gt;solution of the purely psychological part of the psychiatric problem.&lt;br /&gt;But other members of this group of wish-fulfillments, _e.g._, the&lt;br /&gt;hysterical symptoms, evince one essential quality which I have so far&lt;br /&gt;failed to find in the dream. Thus, from the investigations frequently&lt;br /&gt;referred to in this treatise, I know that the formation of an hysterical&lt;br /&gt;symptom necessitates the combination of both streams of our psychic&lt;br /&gt;life. The symptom is not merely the expression of a realized&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish, but it must be joined by another wish from the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious which is fulfilled by the same symptom; so that the&lt;br /&gt;symptom is at least doubly determined, once by each one of the&lt;br /&gt;conflicting systems. Just as in the dream, there is no limit to further&lt;br /&gt;over-determination. The determination not derived from the Unc. is, as&lt;br /&gt;far as I can see, invariably a stream of thought in reaction against the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish, _e.g._, a self-punishment. Hence I may say, in&lt;br /&gt;general, that _an hysterical symptom originates only where two&lt;br /&gt;contrasting wish-fulfillments, having their source in different psychic&lt;br /&gt;systems, are able to combine in one expression_. (Compare my latest&lt;br /&gt;formulation of the origin of the hysterical symptoms in a treatise&lt;br /&gt;published by the _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, by Hirschfeld and&lt;br /&gt;others, 1908). Examples on this point would prove of little value, as&lt;br /&gt;nothing but a complete unveiling of the complication in question would&lt;br /&gt;carry conviction. I therefore content myself with the mere assertion,&lt;br /&gt;and will cite an example, not for conviction but for explication. The&lt;br /&gt;hysterical vomiting of a female patient proved, on the one hand, to be&lt;br /&gt;the realization of an unconscious fancy from the time of puberty, that&lt;br /&gt;she might be continuously pregnant and have a multitude of children,&lt;br /&gt;and this was subsequently united with the wish that she might have them&lt;br /&gt;from as many men as possible. Against this immoderate wish there arose a&lt;br /&gt;powerful defensive impulse. But as the vomiting might spoil the&lt;br /&gt;patient's figure and beauty, so that she would not find favor in the&lt;br /&gt;eyes of mankind, the symptom was therefore in keeping with her punitive&lt;br /&gt;trend of thought, and, being thus admissible from both sides, it was&lt;br /&gt;allowed to become a reality. This is the same manner of consenting to a&lt;br /&gt;wish-fulfillment which the queen of the Parthians chose for the triumvir&lt;br /&gt;Crassus. Believing that he had undertaken the campaign out of greed for&lt;br /&gt;gold, she caused molten gold to be poured into the throat of the corpse.&lt;br /&gt;"Now hast thou what thou hast longed for." As yet we know of the dream&lt;br /&gt;only that it expresses a wish-fulfillment of the unconscious; and&lt;br /&gt;apparently the dominating foreconscious permits this only after it has&lt;br /&gt;subjected the wish to some distortions. We are really in no position to&lt;br /&gt;demonstrate regularly a stream of thought antagonistic to the dream-wish&lt;br /&gt;which is realized in the dream as in its counterpart. Only now and then&lt;br /&gt;have we found in the dream traces of reaction formations, as, for&lt;br /&gt;instance, the tenderness toward friend R. in the "uncle dream." But the&lt;br /&gt;contribution from the foreconscious, which is missing here, may be&lt;br /&gt;found in another place. While the dominating system has withdrawn on&lt;br /&gt;the wish to sleep, the dream may bring to expression with manifold&lt;br /&gt;distortions a wish from the Unc., and realize this wish by producing the&lt;br /&gt;necessary changes of energy in the psychic apparatus, and may finally&lt;br /&gt;retain it through the entire duration of sleep.[3]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This persistent wish to sleep on the part of the foreconscious in&lt;br /&gt;general facilitates the formation of the dream. Let us refer to the&lt;br /&gt;dream of the father who, by the gleam of light from the death chamber,&lt;br /&gt;was brought to the conclusion that the body has been set on fire. We&lt;br /&gt;have shown that one of the psychic forces decisive in causing the father&lt;br /&gt;to form this conclusion, instead of being awakened by the gleam of&lt;br /&gt;light, was the wish to prolong the life of the child seen in the dream&lt;br /&gt;by one moment. Other wishes proceeding from the repression probably&lt;br /&gt;escape us, because we are unable to analyze this dream. But as a second&lt;br /&gt;motive power of the dream we may mention the father's desire to sleep,&lt;br /&gt;for, like the life of the child, the sleep of the father is prolonged&lt;br /&gt;for a moment by the dream. The underlying motive is: "Let the dream go&lt;br /&gt;on, otherwise I must wake up." As in this dream so also in all other&lt;br /&gt;dreams, the wish to sleep lends its support to the unconscious wish. We&lt;br /&gt;reported dreams which were apparently dreams of convenience. But,&lt;br /&gt;properly speaking, all dreams may claim this designation. The efficacy&lt;br /&gt;of the wish to continue to sleep is the most easily recognized in the&lt;br /&gt;waking dreams, which so transform the objective sensory stimulus as to&lt;br /&gt;render it compatible with the continuance of sleep; they interweave this&lt;br /&gt;stimulus with the dream in order to rob it of any claims it might make&lt;br /&gt;as a warning to the outer world. But this wish to continue to sleep must&lt;br /&gt;also participate in the formation of all other dreams which may disturb&lt;br /&gt;the sleeping state from within only. "Now, then, sleep on; why, it's but&lt;br /&gt;a dream"; this is in many cases the suggestion of the Forec. to&lt;br /&gt;consciousness when the dream goes too far; and this also describes in a&lt;br /&gt;general way the attitude of our dominating psychic activity toward&lt;br /&gt;dreaming, though the thought remains tacit. I must draw the conclusion&lt;br /&gt;that _throughout our entire sleeping state we are just as certain that&lt;br /&gt;we are dreaming as we are certain that we are sleeping_. We are&lt;br /&gt;compelled to disregard the objection urged against this conclusion that&lt;br /&gt;our consciousness is never directed to a knowledge of the former, and&lt;br /&gt;that it is directed to a knowledge of the latter only on special&lt;br /&gt;occasions when the censor is unexpectedly surprised. Against this&lt;br /&gt;objection we may say that there are persons who are entirely conscious&lt;br /&gt;of their sleeping and dreaming, and who are apparently endowed with the&lt;br /&gt;conscious faculty of guiding their dream life. Such a dreamer, when&lt;br /&gt;dissatisfied with the course taken by the dream, breaks it off without&lt;br /&gt;awakening, and begins it anew in order to continue it with a different&lt;br /&gt;turn, like the popular author who, on request, gives a happier ending to&lt;br /&gt;his play. Or, at another time, if placed by the dream in a sexually&lt;br /&gt;exciting situation, he thinks in his sleep: "I do not care to continue&lt;br /&gt;this dream and exhaust myself by a pollution; I prefer to defer it in&lt;br /&gt;favor of a real situation."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] They share this character of indestructibility with all psychic acts&lt;br /&gt;that are really unconscious--that is, with psychic acts belonging to the&lt;br /&gt;system of the unconscious only. These paths are constantly open and&lt;br /&gt;never fall into disuse; they conduct the discharge of the exciting&lt;br /&gt;process as often as it becomes endowed with unconscious excitement To&lt;br /&gt;speak metaphorically they suffer the same form of annihilation as the&lt;br /&gt;shades of the lower region in the _Odyssey_, who awoke to new life the&lt;br /&gt;moment they drank blood. The processes depending on the foreconscious&lt;br /&gt;system are destructible in a different way. The psychotherapy of the&lt;br /&gt;neuroses is based on this difference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] Le Lorrain justly extols the wish-fulfilment of the dream: "Sans&lt;br /&gt;fatigue sérieuse, sans être obligé de recourir à cette lutte opinâtre et&lt;br /&gt;longue qui use et corrode les jouissances poursuivies."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[3] This idea has been borrowed from _The Theory of Sleep_ by Liébault,&lt;br /&gt;who revived hypnotic investigation in our days. (_Du Sommeil provoqué_,&lt;br /&gt;etc.; Paris, 1889.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE FUNCTION OF THE DREAM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since we know that the foreconscious is suspended during the night by&lt;br /&gt;the wish to sleep, we can proceed to an intelligent investigation of the&lt;br /&gt;dream process. But let us first sum up the knowledge of this process&lt;br /&gt;already gained. We have shown that the waking activity leaves day&lt;br /&gt;remnants from which the sum of energy cannot be entirely removed; or the&lt;br /&gt;waking activity revives during the day one of the unconscious wishes; or&lt;br /&gt;both conditions occur simultaneously; we have already discovered the&lt;br /&gt;many variations that may take place. The unconscious wish has already&lt;br /&gt;made its way to the day remnants, either during the day or at any rate&lt;br /&gt;with the beginning of sleep, and has effected a transference to it. This&lt;br /&gt;produces a wish transferred to the recent material, or the suppressed&lt;br /&gt;recent wish comes to life again through a reinforcement from the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious. This wish now endeavors to make its way to consciousness on&lt;br /&gt;the normal path of the mental processes through the foreconscious, to&lt;br /&gt;which indeed it belongs through one of its constituent elements. It is&lt;br /&gt;confronted, however, by the censor, which is still active, and to the&lt;br /&gt;influence of which it now succumbs. It now takes on the distortion for&lt;br /&gt;which the way has already been paved by its transference to the recent&lt;br /&gt;material. Thus far it is in the way of becoming something resembling an&lt;br /&gt;obsession, delusion, or the like, _i.e._ a thought reinforced by a&lt;br /&gt;transference and distorted in expression by the censor. But its further&lt;br /&gt;progress is now checked through the dormant state of the foreconscious;&lt;br /&gt;this system has apparently protected itself against invasion by&lt;br /&gt;diminishing its excitements. The dream process, therefore, takes the&lt;br /&gt;regressive course, which has just been opened by the peculiarity of the&lt;br /&gt;sleeping state, and thereby follows the attraction exerted on it by the&lt;br /&gt;memory groups, which themselves exist in part only as visual energy not&lt;br /&gt;yet translated into terms of the later systems. On its way to regression&lt;br /&gt;the dream takes on the form of dramatization. The subject of compression&lt;br /&gt;will be discussed later. The dream process has now terminated the second&lt;br /&gt;part of its repeatedly impeded course. The first part expended itself&lt;br /&gt;progressively from the unconscious scenes or phantasies to the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious, while the second part gravitates from the advent of the&lt;br /&gt;censor back to the perceptions. But when the dream process becomes a&lt;br /&gt;content of perception it has, so to speak, eluded the obstacle set up in&lt;br /&gt;the Forec. by the censor and by the sleeping state. It succeeds in&lt;br /&gt;drawing attention to itself and in being noticed by consciousness. For&lt;br /&gt;consciousness, which means to us a sensory organ for the reception of&lt;br /&gt;psychic qualities, may receive stimuli from two sources--first, from the&lt;br /&gt;periphery of the entire apparatus, viz. from the perception system, and,&lt;br /&gt;secondly, from the pleasure and pain stimuli, which constitute the sole&lt;br /&gt;psychic quality produced in the transformation of energy within the&lt;br /&gt;apparatus. All other processes in the system, even those in the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious, are devoid of any psychic quality, and are therefore not&lt;br /&gt;objects of consciousness inasmuch as they do not furnish pleasure or&lt;br /&gt;pain for perception. We shall have to assume that those liberations of&lt;br /&gt;pleasure and pain automatically regulate the outlet of the occupation&lt;br /&gt;processes. But in order to make possible more delicate functions, it was&lt;br /&gt;later found necessary to render the course of the presentations more&lt;br /&gt;independent of the manifestations of pain. To accomplish this the Forec.&lt;br /&gt;system needed some qualities of its own which could attract&lt;br /&gt;consciousness, and most probably received them through the connection of&lt;br /&gt;the foreconscious processes with the memory system of the signs of&lt;br /&gt;speech, which is not devoid of qualities. Through the qualities of this&lt;br /&gt;system, consciousness, which had hitherto been a sensory organ only for&lt;br /&gt;the perceptions, now becomes also a sensory organ for a part of our&lt;br /&gt;mental processes. Thus we have now, as it were, two sensory surfaces,&lt;br /&gt;one directed to perceptions and the other to the foreconscious mental&lt;br /&gt;processes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I must assume that the sensory surface of consciousness devoted to the&lt;br /&gt;Forec. is rendered less excitable by sleep than that directed to the&lt;br /&gt;P-systems. The giving up of interest for the nocturnal mental processes&lt;br /&gt;is indeed purposeful. Nothing is to disturb the mind; the Forec. wants&lt;br /&gt;to sleep. But once the dream becomes a perception, it is then capable of&lt;br /&gt;exciting consciousness through the qualities thus gained. The sensory&lt;br /&gt;stimulus accomplishes what it was really destined for, namely, it&lt;br /&gt;directs a part of the energy at the disposal of the Forec. in the form&lt;br /&gt;of attention upon the stimulant. We must, therefore, admit that the&lt;br /&gt;dream invariably awakens us, that is, it puts into activity a part of&lt;br /&gt;the dormant force of the Forec. This force imparts to the dream that&lt;br /&gt;influence which we have designated as secondary elaboration for the sake&lt;br /&gt;of connection and comprehensibility. This means that the dream is&lt;br /&gt;treated by it like any other content of perception; it is subjected to&lt;br /&gt;the same ideas of expectation, as far at least as the material admits.&lt;br /&gt;As far as the direction is concerned in this third part of the dream, it&lt;br /&gt;may be said that here again the movement is progressive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To avoid misunderstanding, it will not be amiss to say a few words about&lt;br /&gt;the temporal peculiarities of these dream processes. In a very&lt;br /&gt;interesting discussion, apparently suggested by Maury's puzzling&lt;br /&gt;guillotine dream, Goblet tries to demonstrate that the dream requires no&lt;br /&gt;other time than the transition period between sleeping and awakening.&lt;br /&gt;The awakening requires time, as the dream takes place during that&lt;br /&gt;period. One is inclined to believe that the final picture of the dream&lt;br /&gt;is so strong that it forces the dreamer to awaken; but, as a matter of&lt;br /&gt;fact, this picture is strong only because the dreamer is already very&lt;br /&gt;near awakening when it appears. "Un rêve c'est un réveil qui commence."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It has already been emphasized by Dugas that Goblet was forced to&lt;br /&gt;repudiate many facts in order to generalize his theory. There are,&lt;br /&gt;moreover, dreams from which we do not awaken, _e.g._, some dreams in&lt;br /&gt;which we dream that we dream. From our knowledge of the dream-work, we&lt;br /&gt;can by no means admit that it extends only over the period of awakening.&lt;br /&gt;On the contrary, we must consider it probable that the first part of&lt;br /&gt;the dream-work begins during the day when we are still under the&lt;br /&gt;domination of the foreconscious. The second phase of the dream-work,&lt;br /&gt;viz. the modification through the censor, the attraction by the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious scenes, and the penetration to perception must continue&lt;br /&gt;throughout the night. And we are probably always right when we assert&lt;br /&gt;that we feel as though we had been dreaming the whole night, although we&lt;br /&gt;cannot say what. I do not, however, think it necessary to assume that,&lt;br /&gt;up to the time of becoming conscious, the dream processes really follow&lt;br /&gt;the temporal sequence which we have described, viz. that there is first&lt;br /&gt;the transferred dream-wish, then the distortion of the censor, and&lt;br /&gt;consequently the change of direction to regression, and so on. We were&lt;br /&gt;forced to form such a succession for the sake of _description_; in&lt;br /&gt;reality, however, it is much rather a matter of simultaneously trying&lt;br /&gt;this path and that, and of emotions fluctuating to and fro, until&lt;br /&gt;finally, owing to the most expedient distribution, one particular&lt;br /&gt;grouping is secured which remains. From certain personal experiences, I&lt;br /&gt;am myself inclined to believe that the dream-work often requires more&lt;br /&gt;than one day and one night to produce its result; if this be true, the&lt;br /&gt;extraordinary art manifested in the construction of the dream loses all&lt;br /&gt;its marvels. In my opinion, even the regard for comprehensibility as an&lt;br /&gt;occurrence of perception may take effect before the dream attracts&lt;br /&gt;consciousness to itself. To be sure, from now on the process is&lt;br /&gt;accelerated, as the dream is henceforth subjected to the same treatment&lt;br /&gt;as any other perception. It is like fireworks, which require hours of&lt;br /&gt;preparation and only a moment for ignition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Through the dream-work the dream process now gains either sufficient&lt;br /&gt;intensity to attract consciousness to itself and arouse the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious, which is quite independent of the time or profundity of&lt;br /&gt;sleep, or, its intensity being insufficient it must wait until it meets&lt;br /&gt;the attention which is set in motion immediately before awakening. Most&lt;br /&gt;dreams seem to operate with relatively slight psychic intensities, for&lt;br /&gt;they wait for the awakening. This, however, explains the fact that we&lt;br /&gt;regularly perceive something dreamt on being suddenly aroused from a&lt;br /&gt;sound sleep. Here, as well as in spontaneous awakening, the first glance&lt;br /&gt;strikes the perception content created by the dream-work, while the next&lt;br /&gt;strikes the one produced from without.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But of greater theoretical interest are those dreams which are capable&lt;br /&gt;of waking us in the midst of sleep. We must bear in mind the expediency&lt;br /&gt;elsewhere universally demonstrated, and ask ourselves why the dream or&lt;br /&gt;the unconscious wish has the power to disturb sleep, _i.e._ the&lt;br /&gt;fulfillment of the foreconscious wish. This is probably due to certain&lt;br /&gt;relations of energy into which we have no insight. If we possessed such&lt;br /&gt;insight we should probably find that the freedom given to the dream and&lt;br /&gt;the expenditure of a certain amount of detached attention represent for&lt;br /&gt;the dream an economy in energy, keeping in view the fact that the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious must be held in check at night just as during the day. We&lt;br /&gt;know from experience that the dream, even if it interrupts sleep,&lt;br /&gt;repeatedly during the same night, still remains compatible with sleep.&lt;br /&gt;We wake up for an instant, and immediately resume our sleep. It is like&lt;br /&gt;driving off a fly during sleep, we awake _ad hoc_, and when we resume&lt;br /&gt;our sleep we have removed the disturbance. As demonstrated by familiar&lt;br /&gt;examples from the sleep of wet nurses, &amp;c., the fulfillment of the wish&lt;br /&gt;to sleep is quite compatible with the retention of a certain amount of&lt;br /&gt;attention in a given direction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But we must here take cognizance of an objection that is based on a&lt;br /&gt;better knowledge of the unconscious processes. Although we have&lt;br /&gt;ourselves described the unconscious wishes as always active, we have,&lt;br /&gt;nevertheless, asserted that they are not sufficiently strong during the&lt;br /&gt;day to make themselves perceptible. But when we sleep, and the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish has shown its power to form a dream, and with it to&lt;br /&gt;awaken the foreconscious, why, then, does this power become exhausted&lt;br /&gt;after the dream has been taken cognizance of? Would it not seem more&lt;br /&gt;probable that the dream should continually renew itself, like the&lt;br /&gt;troublesome fly which, when driven away, takes pleasure in returning&lt;br /&gt;again and again? What justifies our assertion that the dream removes the&lt;br /&gt;disturbance of sleep?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That the unconscious wishes always remain active is quite true. They&lt;br /&gt;represent paths which are passable whenever a sum of excitement makes&lt;br /&gt;use of them. Moreover, a remarkable peculiarity of the unconscious&lt;br /&gt;processes is the fact that they remain indestructible. Nothing can be&lt;br /&gt;brought to an end in the unconscious; nothing can cease or be forgotten.&lt;br /&gt;This impression is most strongly gained in the study of the neuroses,&lt;br /&gt;especially of hysteria. The unconscious stream of thought which leads to&lt;br /&gt;the discharge through an attack becomes passable again as soon as there&lt;br /&gt;is an accumulation of a sufficient amount of excitement. The&lt;br /&gt;mortification brought on thirty years ago, after having gained access to&lt;br /&gt;the unconscious affective source, operates during all these thirty years&lt;br /&gt;like a recent one. Whenever its memory is touched, it is revived and&lt;br /&gt;shows itself to be supplied with the excitement which is discharged in&lt;br /&gt;a motor attack. It is just here that the office of psychotherapy begins,&lt;br /&gt;its task being to bring about adjustment and forgetfulness for the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious processes. Indeed, the fading of memories and the flagging&lt;br /&gt;of affects, which we are apt to take as self-evident and to explain as a&lt;br /&gt;primary influence of time on the psychic memories, are in reality&lt;br /&gt;secondary changes brought about by painstaking work. It is the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious that accomplishes this work; and the only course to be&lt;br /&gt;pursued by psychotherapy is the subjugate the Unc, to the domination of&lt;br /&gt;the Forec.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are, therefore, two exits for the individual unconscious emotional&lt;br /&gt;process. It is either left to itself, in which case it ultimately breaks&lt;br /&gt;through somewhere and secures for once a discharge for its excitation&lt;br /&gt;into motility; or it succumbs to the influence of the foreconscious, and&lt;br /&gt;its excitation becomes confined through this influence instead of being&lt;br /&gt;discharged. It is the latter process that occurs in the dream. Owing to&lt;br /&gt;the fact that it is directed by the conscious excitement, the energy&lt;br /&gt;from the Forec., which confronts the dream when grown to perception,&lt;br /&gt;restricts the unconscious excitement of the dream and renders it&lt;br /&gt;harmless as a disturbing factor. When the dreamer wakes up for a moment,&lt;br /&gt;he has actually chased away the fly that has threatened to disturb his&lt;br /&gt;sleep. We can now understand that it is really more expedient and&lt;br /&gt;economical to give full sway to the unconscious wish, and clear its way&lt;br /&gt;to regression so that it may form a dream, and then restrict and adjust&lt;br /&gt;this dream by means of a small expenditure of foreconscious labor, than&lt;br /&gt;to curb the unconscious throughout the entire period of sleep. We&lt;br /&gt;should, indeed, expect that the dream, even if it was not originally an&lt;br /&gt;expedient process, would have acquired some function in the play of&lt;br /&gt;forces of the psychic life. We now see what this function is. The dream&lt;br /&gt;has taken it upon itself to bring the liberated excitement of the Unc.&lt;br /&gt;back under the domination of the foreconscious; it thus affords relief&lt;br /&gt;for the excitement of the Unc. and acts as a safety-valve for the&lt;br /&gt;latter, and at the same time it insures the sleep of the foreconscious&lt;br /&gt;at a slight expenditure of the waking state. Like the other psychic&lt;br /&gt;formations of its group, the dream offers itself as a compromise serving&lt;br /&gt;simultaneously both systems by fulfilling both wishes in so far as they&lt;br /&gt;are compatible with each other. A glance at Robert's "elimination&lt;br /&gt;theory," will show that we must agree with this author in his main&lt;br /&gt;point, viz. in the determination of the function of the dream, though we&lt;br /&gt;differ from him in our hypotheses and in our treatment of the dream&lt;br /&gt;process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above qualification--in so far as the two wishes are compatible with&lt;br /&gt;each other--contains a suggestion that there may be cases in which the&lt;br /&gt;function of the dream suffers shipwreck. The dream process is in the&lt;br /&gt;first instance admitted as a wish-fulfillment of the unconscious, but if&lt;br /&gt;this tentative wish-fulfillment disturbs the foreconscious to such an&lt;br /&gt;extent that the latter can no longer maintain its rest, the dream then&lt;br /&gt;breaks the compromise and fails to perform the second part of its task.&lt;br /&gt;It is then at once broken off, and replaced by complete wakefulness.&lt;br /&gt;Here, too, it is not really the fault of the dream, if, while ordinarily&lt;br /&gt;the guardian of sleep, it is here compelled to appear as the disturber&lt;br /&gt;of sleep, nor should this cause us to entertain any doubts as to its&lt;br /&gt;efficacy. This is not the only case in the organism in which an&lt;br /&gt;otherwise efficacious arrangement became inefficacious and disturbing as&lt;br /&gt;soon as some element is changed in the conditions of its origin; the&lt;br /&gt;disturbance then serves at least the new purpose of announcing the&lt;br /&gt;change, and calling into play against it the means of adjustment of the&lt;br /&gt;organism. In this connection, I naturally bear in mind the case of the&lt;br /&gt;anxiety dream, and in order not to have the appearance of trying to&lt;br /&gt;exclude this testimony against the theory of wish-fulfillment wherever&lt;br /&gt;I encounter it, I will attempt an explanation of the anxiety dream, at&lt;br /&gt;least offering some suggestions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That a psychic process developing anxiety may still be a&lt;br /&gt;wish-fulfillment has long ceased to impress us as a contradiction. We&lt;br /&gt;may explain this occurrence by the fact that the wish belongs to one&lt;br /&gt;system (the Unc.), while by the other system (the Forec.), this wish has&lt;br /&gt;been rejected and suppressed. The subjection of the Unc. by the Forec.&lt;br /&gt;is not complete even in perfect psychic health; the amount of this&lt;br /&gt;suppression shows the degree of our psychic normality. Neurotic symptoms&lt;br /&gt;show that there is a conflict between the two systems; the symptoms are&lt;br /&gt;the results of a compromise of this conflict, and they temporarily put&lt;br /&gt;an end to it. On the one hand, they afford the Unc. an outlet for the&lt;br /&gt;discharge of its excitement, and serve it as a sally port, while, on the&lt;br /&gt;other hand, they give the Forec. the capability of dominating the Unc.&lt;br /&gt;to some extent. It is highly instructive to consider, _e.g._, the&lt;br /&gt;significance of any hysterical phobia or of an agoraphobia. Suppose a&lt;br /&gt;neurotic incapable of crossing the street alone, which we would justly&lt;br /&gt;call a "symptom." We attempt to remove this symptom by urging him to the&lt;br /&gt;action which he deems himself incapable of. The result will be an&lt;br /&gt;attack of anxiety, just as an attack of anxiety in the street has often&lt;br /&gt;been the cause of establishing an agoraphobia. We thus learn that the&lt;br /&gt;symptom has been constituted in order to guard against the outbreak of&lt;br /&gt;the anxiety. The phobia is thrown before the anxiety like a fortress on&lt;br /&gt;the frontier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unless we enter into the part played by the affects in these processes,&lt;br /&gt;which can be done here only imperfectly, we cannot continue our&lt;br /&gt;discussion. Let us therefore advance the proposition that the reason why&lt;br /&gt;the suppression of the unconscious becomes absolutely necessary is&lt;br /&gt;because, if the discharge of presentation should be left to itself, it&lt;br /&gt;would develop an affect in the Unc. which originally bore the character&lt;br /&gt;of pleasure, but which, since the appearance of the repression, bears&lt;br /&gt;the character of pain. The aim, as well as the result, of the&lt;br /&gt;suppression is to stop the development of this pain. The suppression&lt;br /&gt;extends over the unconscious ideation, because the liberation of pain&lt;br /&gt;might emanate from the ideation. The foundation is here laid for a very&lt;br /&gt;definite assumption concerning the nature of the affective development.&lt;br /&gt;It is regarded as a motor or secondary activity, the key to the&lt;br /&gt;innervation of which is located in the presentations of the Unc. Through&lt;br /&gt;the domination of the Forec. these presentations become, as it were,&lt;br /&gt;throttled and inhibited at the exit of the emotion-developing impulses.&lt;br /&gt;The danger, which is due to the fact that the Forec. ceases to occupy&lt;br /&gt;the energy, therefore consists in the fact that the unconscious&lt;br /&gt;excitations liberate such an affect as--in consequence of the repression&lt;br /&gt;that has previously taken place--can only be perceived as pain or&lt;br /&gt;anxiety.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This danger is released through the full sway of the dream process. The&lt;br /&gt;determinations for its realization consist in the fact that repressions&lt;br /&gt;have taken place, and that the suppressed emotional wishes shall become&lt;br /&gt;sufficiently strong. They thus stand entirely without the psychological&lt;br /&gt;realm of the dream structure. Were it not for the fact that our subject&lt;br /&gt;is connected through just one factor, namely, the freeing of the Unc.&lt;br /&gt;during sleep, with the subject of the development of anxiety, I could&lt;br /&gt;dispense with discussion of the anxiety dream, and thus avoid all&lt;br /&gt;obscurities connected with it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As I have often repeated, the theory of the anxiety belongs to the&lt;br /&gt;psychology of the neuroses. I would say that the anxiety in the dream is&lt;br /&gt;an anxiety problem and not a dream problem. We have nothing further to&lt;br /&gt;do with it after having once demonstrated its point of contact with the&lt;br /&gt;subject of the dream process. There is only one thing left for me to do.&lt;br /&gt;As I have asserted that the neurotic anxiety originates from sexual&lt;br /&gt;sources, I can subject anxiety dreams to analysis in order to&lt;br /&gt;demonstrate the sexual material in their dream thoughts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For good reasons I refrain from citing here any of the numerous examples&lt;br /&gt;placed at my disposal by neurotic patients, but prefer to give anxiety&lt;br /&gt;dreams from young persons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Personally, I have had no real anxiety dream for decades, but I recall&lt;br /&gt;one from my seventh or eighth year which I subjected to interpretation&lt;br /&gt;about thirty years later. The dream was very vivid, and showed me _my&lt;br /&gt;beloved mother, with peculiarly calm sleeping countenance, carried into&lt;br /&gt;the room and laid on the bed by two (or three) persons with birds'&lt;br /&gt;beaks_. I awoke crying and screaming, and disturbed my parents. The very&lt;br /&gt;tall figures--draped in a peculiar manner--with beaks, I had taken from&lt;br /&gt;the illustrations of Philippson's bible; I believe they represented&lt;br /&gt;deities with heads of sparrowhawks from an Egyptian tomb relief. The&lt;br /&gt;analysis also introduced the reminiscence of a naughty janitor's boy,&lt;br /&gt;who used to play with us children on the meadow in front of the house; I&lt;br /&gt;would add that his name was Philip. I feel that I first heard from this&lt;br /&gt;boy the vulgar word signifying sexual intercourse, which is replaced&lt;br /&gt;among the educated by the Latin "coitus," but to which the dream&lt;br /&gt;distinctly alludes by the selection of the birds' heads. I must have&lt;br /&gt;suspected the sexual significance of the word from the facial expression&lt;br /&gt;of my worldly-wise teacher. My mother's features in the dream were&lt;br /&gt;copied from the countenance of my grandfather, whom I had seen a few&lt;br /&gt;days before his death snoring in the state of coma. The interpretation&lt;br /&gt;of the secondary elaboration in the dream must therefore have been that&lt;br /&gt;my mother was dying; the tomb relief, too, agrees with this. In this&lt;br /&gt;anxiety I awoke, and could not calm myself until I had awakened my&lt;br /&gt;parents. I remember that I suddenly became calm on coming face to face&lt;br /&gt;with my mother, as if I needed the assurance that my mother was not&lt;br /&gt;dead. But this secondary interpretation of the dream had been effected&lt;br /&gt;only under the influence of the developed anxiety. I was not frightened&lt;br /&gt;because I dreamed that my mother was dying, but I interpreted the dream&lt;br /&gt;in this manner in the foreconscious elaboration because I was already&lt;br /&gt;under the domination of the anxiety. The latter, however, could be&lt;br /&gt;traced by means of the repression to an obscure obviously sexual desire,&lt;br /&gt;which had found its satisfying expression in the visual content of the&lt;br /&gt;dream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A man twenty-seven years old who had been severely ill for a year had&lt;br /&gt;had many terrifying dreams between the ages of eleven and thirteen. He&lt;br /&gt;thought that a man with an ax was running after him; he wished to run,&lt;br /&gt;but felt paralyzed and could not move from the spot. This may be taken&lt;br /&gt;as a good example of a very common, and apparently sexually indifferent,&lt;br /&gt;anxiety dream. In the analysis the dreamer first thought of a story told&lt;br /&gt;him by his uncle, which chronologically was later than the dream, viz.&lt;br /&gt;that he was attacked at night by a suspicious-looking individual. This&lt;br /&gt;occurrence led him to believe that he himself might have already heard&lt;br /&gt;of a similar episode at the time of the dream. In connection with the ax&lt;br /&gt;he recalled that during that period of his life he once hurt his hand&lt;br /&gt;with an ax while chopping wood. This immediately led to his relations&lt;br /&gt;with his younger brother, whom he used to maltreat and knock down. In&lt;br /&gt;particular, he recalled an occasion when he struck his brother on the&lt;br /&gt;head with his boot until he bled, whereupon his mother remarked: "I fear&lt;br /&gt;he will kill him some day." While he was seemingly thinking of the&lt;br /&gt;subject of violence, a reminiscence from his ninth year suddenly&lt;br /&gt;occurred to him. His parents came home late and went to bed while he was&lt;br /&gt;feigning sleep. He soon heard panting and other noises that appeared&lt;br /&gt;strange to him, and he could also make out the position of his parents&lt;br /&gt;in bed. His further associations showed that he had established an&lt;br /&gt;analogy between this relation between his parents and his own relation&lt;br /&gt;toward his younger brother. He subsumed what occurred between his&lt;br /&gt;parents under the conception "violence and wrestling," and thus reached&lt;br /&gt;a sadistic conception of the coitus act, as often happens among&lt;br /&gt;children. The fact that he often noticed blood on his mother's bed&lt;br /&gt;corroborated his conception.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That the sexual intercourse of adults appears strange to children who&lt;br /&gt;observe it, and arouses fear in them, I dare say is a fact of daily&lt;br /&gt;experience. I have explained this fear by the fact that sexual&lt;br /&gt;excitement is not mastered by their understanding, and is probably also&lt;br /&gt;inacceptable to them because their parents are involved in it. For the&lt;br /&gt;same son this excitement is converted into fear. At a still earlier&lt;br /&gt;period of life sexual emotion directed toward the parent of opposite sex&lt;br /&gt;does not meet with repression but finds free expression, as we have seen&lt;br /&gt;before.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For the night terrors with hallucinations (_pavor nocturnus_) frequently&lt;br /&gt;found in children, I would unhesitatingly give the same explanation.&lt;br /&gt;Here, too, we are certainly dealing with the incomprehensible and&lt;br /&gt;rejected sexual feelings, which, if noted, would probably show a&lt;br /&gt;temporal periodicity, for an enhancement of the sexual _libido_ may&lt;br /&gt;just as well be produced accidentally through emotional impressions as&lt;br /&gt;through the spontaneous and gradual processes of development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I lack the necessary material to sustain these explanations from&lt;br /&gt;observation. On the other hand, the pediatrists seem to lack the point&lt;br /&gt;of view which alone makes comprehensible the whole series of phenomena,&lt;br /&gt;on the somatic as well as on the psychic side. To illustrate by a&lt;br /&gt;comical example how one wearing the blinders of medical mythology may&lt;br /&gt;miss the understanding of such cases I will relate a case which I found&lt;br /&gt;in a thesis on _pavor nocturnus_ by _Debacker_, 1881. A&lt;br /&gt;thirteen-year-old boy of delicate health began to become anxious and&lt;br /&gt;dreamy; his sleep became restless, and about once a week it was&lt;br /&gt;interrupted by an acute attack of anxiety with hallucinations. The&lt;br /&gt;memory of these dreams was invariably very distinct. Thus, he related&lt;br /&gt;that the _devil_ shouted at him: "Now we have you, now we have you," and&lt;br /&gt;this was followed by an odor of sulphur; the fire burned his skin. This&lt;br /&gt;dream aroused him, terror-stricken. He was unable to scream at first;&lt;br /&gt;then his voice returned, and he was heard to say distinctly: "No, no,&lt;br /&gt;not me; why, I have done nothing," or, "Please don't, I shall never do&lt;br /&gt;it again." Occasionally, also, he said: "Albert has not done that."&lt;br /&gt;Later he avoided undressing, because, as he said, the fire attacked him&lt;br /&gt;only when he was undressed. From amid these evil dreams, which menaced&lt;br /&gt;his health, he was sent into the country, where he recovered within a&lt;br /&gt;year and a half, but at the age of fifteen he once confessed: "Je&lt;br /&gt;n'osais pas l'avouer, mais j'éprouvais continuellement des picotements&lt;br /&gt;et des surexcitations aux _parties_; à la fin, cela m'énervait tant que&lt;br /&gt;plusieurs fois, j'ai pensé me jeter par la fenêtre au dortoir."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is certainly not difficult to suspect: 1, that the boy had practiced&lt;br /&gt;masturbation in former years, that he probably denied it, and was&lt;br /&gt;threatened with severe punishment for his wrongdoing (his confession: Je&lt;br /&gt;ne le ferai plus; his denial: Albert n'a jamais fait ça). 2, That under&lt;br /&gt;the pressure of puberty the temptation to self-abuse through the&lt;br /&gt;tickling of the genitals was reawakened. 3, That now, however, a&lt;br /&gt;struggle of repression arose in him, suppressing the _libido_ and&lt;br /&gt;changing it into fear, which subsequently took the form of the&lt;br /&gt;punishments with which he was then threatened.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let us, however, quote the conclusions drawn by our author. This&lt;br /&gt;observation shows: 1, That the influence of puberty may produce in a&lt;br /&gt;boy of delicate health a condition of extreme weakness, and that it may&lt;br /&gt;lead to a _very marked cerebral anæmia_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. This cerebral anæmia produces a transformation of character,&lt;br /&gt;demonomaniacal hallucinations, and very violent nocturnal, perhaps also&lt;br /&gt;diurnal, states of anxiety.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Demonomania and the self-reproaches of the day can be traced to the&lt;br /&gt;influences of religious education which the subject underwent as a&lt;br /&gt;child.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. All manifestations disappeared as a result of a lengthy sojourn in&lt;br /&gt;the country, bodily exercise, and the return of physical strength after&lt;br /&gt;the termination of the period of puberty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. A predisposing influence for the origin of the cerebral condition of&lt;br /&gt;the boy may be attributed to heredity and to the father's chronic&lt;br /&gt;syphilitic state.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The concluding remarks of the author read: "Nous avons fait entrer cette&lt;br /&gt;observation dans le cadre des délires apyrétiques d'inanition, car c'est&lt;br /&gt;à l'ischémie cérébrale que nous rattachons cet état particulier."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;VIII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESS--REGRESSION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In venturing to attempt to penetrate more deeply into the psychology of&lt;br /&gt;the dream processes, I have undertaken a difficult task, to which,&lt;br /&gt;indeed, my power of description is hardly equal. To reproduce in&lt;br /&gt;description by a succession of words the simultaneousness of so complex&lt;br /&gt;a chain of events, and in doing so to appear unbiassed throughout the&lt;br /&gt;exposition, goes fairly beyond my powers. I have now to atone for the&lt;br /&gt;fact that I have been unable in my description of the dream psychology&lt;br /&gt;to follow the historic development of my views. The view-points for my&lt;br /&gt;conception of the dream were reached through earlier investigations in&lt;br /&gt;the psychology of the neuroses, to which I am not supposed to refer&lt;br /&gt;here, but to which I am repeatedly forced to refer, whereas I should&lt;br /&gt;prefer to proceed in the opposite direction, and, starting from the&lt;br /&gt;dream, to establish a connection with the psychology of the neuroses. I&lt;br /&gt;am well aware of all the inconveniences arising for the reader from this&lt;br /&gt;difficulty, but I know of no way to avoid them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As I am dissatisfied with this state of affairs, I am glad to dwell&lt;br /&gt;upon another view-point which seems to raise the value of my efforts. As&lt;br /&gt;has been shown in the introduction to the first chapter, I found myself&lt;br /&gt;confronted with a theme which had been marked by the sharpest&lt;br /&gt;contradictions on the part of the authorities. After our elaboration of&lt;br /&gt;the dream problems we found room for most of these contradictions. We&lt;br /&gt;have been forced, however, to take decided exception to two of the views&lt;br /&gt;pronounced, viz. that the dream is a senseless and that it is a somatic&lt;br /&gt;process; apart from these cases we have had to accept all the&lt;br /&gt;contradictory views in one place or another of the complicated argument,&lt;br /&gt;and we have been able to demonstrate that they had discovered something&lt;br /&gt;that was correct. That the dream continues the impulses and interests of&lt;br /&gt;the waking state has been quite generally confirmed through the&lt;br /&gt;discovery of the latent thoughts of the dream. These thoughts concern&lt;br /&gt;themselves only with things that seem important and of momentous&lt;br /&gt;interest to us. The dream never occupies itself with trifles. But we&lt;br /&gt;have also concurred with the contrary view, viz., that the dream gathers&lt;br /&gt;up the indifferent remnants from the day, and that not until it has in&lt;br /&gt;some measure withdrawn itself from the waking activity can an important&lt;br /&gt;event of the day be taken up by the dream. We found this holding true&lt;br /&gt;for the dream content, which gives the dream thought its changed&lt;br /&gt;expression by means of disfigurement. We have said that from the nature&lt;br /&gt;of the association mechanism the dream process more easily takes&lt;br /&gt;possession of recent or indifferent material which has not yet been&lt;br /&gt;seized by the waking mental activity; and by reason of the censor it&lt;br /&gt;transfers the psychic intensity from the important but also disagreeable&lt;br /&gt;to the indifferent material. The hypermnesia of the dream and the resort&lt;br /&gt;to infantile material have become main supports in our theory. In our&lt;br /&gt;theory of the dream we have attributed to the wish originating from the&lt;br /&gt;infantile the part of an indispensable motor for the formation of the&lt;br /&gt;dream. We naturally could not think of doubting the experimentally&lt;br /&gt;demonstrated significance of the objective sensory stimuli during sleep;&lt;br /&gt;but we have brought this material into the same relation to the&lt;br /&gt;dream-wish as the thought remnants from the waking activity. There was&lt;br /&gt;no need of disputing the fact that the dream interprets the objective&lt;br /&gt;sensory stimuli after the manner of an illusion; but we have supplied&lt;br /&gt;the motive for this interpretation which has been left undecided by the&lt;br /&gt;authorities. The interpretation follows in such a manner that the&lt;br /&gt;perceived object is rendered harmless as a sleep disturber and becomes&lt;br /&gt;available for the wish-fulfillment. Though we do not admit as special&lt;br /&gt;sources of the dream the subjective state of excitement of the sensory&lt;br /&gt;organs during sleep, which seems to have been demonstrated by Trumbull&lt;br /&gt;Ladd, we are nevertheless able to explain this excitement through the&lt;br /&gt;regressive revival of active memories behind the dream. A modest part in&lt;br /&gt;our conception has also been assigned to the inner organic sensations&lt;br /&gt;which are wont to be taken as the cardinal point in the explanation of&lt;br /&gt;the dream. These--the sensation of falling, flying, or inhibition--stand&lt;br /&gt;as an ever ready material to be used by the dream-work to express the&lt;br /&gt;dream thought as often as need arises.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That the dream process is a rapid and momentary one seems to be true for&lt;br /&gt;the perception through consciousness of the already prepared dream&lt;br /&gt;content; the preceding parts of the dream process probably take a slow,&lt;br /&gt;fluctuating course. We have solved the riddle of the superabundant dream&lt;br /&gt;content compressed within the briefest moment by explaining that this is&lt;br /&gt;due to the appropriation of almost fully formed structures from the&lt;br /&gt;psychic life. That the dream is disfigured and distorted by memory we&lt;br /&gt;found to be correct, but not troublesome, as this is only the last&lt;br /&gt;manifest operation in the work of disfigurement which has been active&lt;br /&gt;from the beginning of the dream-work. In the bitter and seemingly&lt;br /&gt;irreconcilable controversy as to whether the psychic life sleeps at&lt;br /&gt;night or can make the same use of all its capabilities as during the&lt;br /&gt;day, we have been able to agree with both sides, though not fully with&lt;br /&gt;either. We have found proof that the dream thoughts represent a most&lt;br /&gt;complicated intellectual activity, employing almost every means&lt;br /&gt;furnished by the psychic apparatus; still it cannot be denied that these&lt;br /&gt;dream thoughts have originated during the day, and it is indispensable&lt;br /&gt;to assume that there is a sleeping state of the psychic life. Thus, even&lt;br /&gt;the theory of partial sleep has come into play; but the characteristics&lt;br /&gt;of the sleeping state have been found not in the dilapidation of the&lt;br /&gt;psychic connections but in the cessation of the psychic system&lt;br /&gt;dominating the day, arising from its desire to sleep. The withdrawal&lt;br /&gt;from the outer world retains its significance also for our conception;&lt;br /&gt;though not the only factor, it nevertheless helps the regression to make&lt;br /&gt;possible the representation of the dream. That we should reject the&lt;br /&gt;voluntary guidance of the presentation course is uncontestable; but the&lt;br /&gt;psychic life does not thereby become aimless, for we have seen that&lt;br /&gt;after the abandonment of the desired end-presentation undesired ones&lt;br /&gt;gain the mastery. The loose associative connection in the dream we have&lt;br /&gt;not only recognized, but we have placed under its control a far greater&lt;br /&gt;territory than could have been supposed; we have, however, found it&lt;br /&gt;merely the feigned substitute for another correct and senseful one. To&lt;br /&gt;be sure we, too, have called the dream absurd; but we have been able to&lt;br /&gt;learn from examples how wise the dream really is when it simulates&lt;br /&gt;absurdity. We do not deny any of the functions that have been attributed&lt;br /&gt;to the dream. That the dream relieves the mind like a valve, and that,&lt;br /&gt;according to Robert's assertion, all kinds of harmful material are&lt;br /&gt;rendered harmless through representation in the dream, not only exactly&lt;br /&gt;coincides with our theory of the twofold wish-fulfillment in the dream,&lt;br /&gt;but, in his own wording, becomes even more comprehensible for us than&lt;br /&gt;for Robert himself. The free indulgence of the psychic in the play of&lt;br /&gt;its faculties finds expression with us in the non-interference with the&lt;br /&gt;dream on the part of the foreconscious activity. The "return to the&lt;br /&gt;embryonal state of psychic life in the dream" and the observation of&lt;br /&gt;Havelock Ellis, "an archaic world of vast emotions and imperfect&lt;br /&gt;thoughts," appear to us as happy anticipations of our deductions to the&lt;br /&gt;effect that _primitive_ modes of work suppressed during the day&lt;br /&gt;participate in the formation of the dream; and with us, as with Delage,&lt;br /&gt;the _suppressed_ material becomes the mainspring of the dreaming.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have fully recognized the rôle which Scherner ascribes to the dream&lt;br /&gt;phantasy, and even his interpretation; but we have been obliged, so to&lt;br /&gt;speak, to conduct them to another department in the problem. It is not&lt;br /&gt;the dream that produces the phantasy but the unconscious phantasy that&lt;br /&gt;takes the greatest part in the formation of the dream thoughts. We are&lt;br /&gt;indebted to Scherner for his clew to the source of the dream thoughts,&lt;br /&gt;but almost everything that he ascribes to the dream-work is attributable&lt;br /&gt;to the activity of the unconscious, which is at work during the day, and&lt;br /&gt;which supplies incitements not only for dreams but for neurotic symptoms&lt;br /&gt;as well. We have had to separate the dream-work from this activity as&lt;br /&gt;being something entirely different and far more restricted. Finally, we&lt;br /&gt;have by no means abandoned the relation of the dream to mental&lt;br /&gt;disturbances, but, on the contrary, we have given it a more solid&lt;br /&gt;foundation on new ground.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus held together by the new material of our theory as by a superior&lt;br /&gt;unity, we find the most varied and most contradictory conclusions of the&lt;br /&gt;authorities fitting into our structure; some of them are differently&lt;br /&gt;disposed, only a few of them are entirely rejected. But our own&lt;br /&gt;structure is still unfinished. For, disregarding the many obscurities&lt;br /&gt;which we have necessarily encountered in our advance into the darkness&lt;br /&gt;of psychology, we are now apparently embarrassed by a new contradiction.&lt;br /&gt;On the one hand, we have allowed the dream thoughts to proceed from&lt;br /&gt;perfectly normal mental operations, while, on the other hand, we have&lt;br /&gt;found among the dream thoughts a number of entirely abnormal mental&lt;br /&gt;processes which extend likewise to the dream contents. These,&lt;br /&gt;consequently, we have repeated in the interpretation of the dream. All&lt;br /&gt;that we have termed the "dream-work" seems so remote from the psychic&lt;br /&gt;processes recognized by us as correct, that the severest judgments of&lt;br /&gt;the authors as to the low psychic activity of dreaming seem to us well&lt;br /&gt;founded.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhaps only through still further advance can enlightenment and&lt;br /&gt;improvement be brought about. I shall pick out one of the constellations&lt;br /&gt;leading to the formation of dreams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have learned that the dream replaces a number of thoughts derived&lt;br /&gt;from daily life which are perfectly formed logically. We cannot&lt;br /&gt;therefore doubt that these thoughts originate from our normal mental&lt;br /&gt;life. All the qualities which we esteem in our mental operations, and&lt;br /&gt;which distinguish these as complicated activities of a high order, we&lt;br /&gt;find repeated in the dream thoughts. There is, however, no need of&lt;br /&gt;assuming that this mental work is performed during sleep, as this would&lt;br /&gt;materially impair the conception of the psychic state of sleep we have&lt;br /&gt;hitherto adhered to. These thoughts may just as well have originated&lt;br /&gt;from the day, and, unnoticed by our consciousness from their inception,&lt;br /&gt;they may have continued to develop until they stood complete at the&lt;br /&gt;onset of sleep. If we are to conclude anything from this state of&lt;br /&gt;affairs, it will at most prove _that the most complex mental operations&lt;br /&gt;are possible without the coöperation of consciousness_, which we have&lt;br /&gt;already learned independently from every psychoanalysis of persons&lt;br /&gt;suffering from hysteria or obsessions. These dream thoughts are in&lt;br /&gt;themselves surely not incapable of consciousness; if they have not&lt;br /&gt;become conscious to us during the day, this may have various reasons.&lt;br /&gt;The state of becoming conscious depends on the exercise of a certain&lt;br /&gt;psychic function, viz. attention, which seems to be extended only in a&lt;br /&gt;definite quantity, and which may have been withdrawn from the stream of&lt;br /&gt;thought in Question by other aims. Another way in which such mental&lt;br /&gt;streams are kept from consciousness is the following:--Our conscious&lt;br /&gt;reflection teaches us that when exercising attention we pursue a&lt;br /&gt;definite course. But if that course leads us to an idea which does not&lt;br /&gt;hold its own with the critic, we discontinue and cease to apply our&lt;br /&gt;attention. Now, apparently, the stream of thought thus started and&lt;br /&gt;abandoned may spin on without regaining attention unless it reaches a&lt;br /&gt;spot of especially marked intensity which forces the return of&lt;br /&gt;attention. An initial rejection, perhaps consciously brought about by&lt;br /&gt;the judgment on the ground of incorrectness or unfitness for the actual&lt;br /&gt;purpose of the mental act, may therefore account for the fact that a&lt;br /&gt;mental process continues until the onset of sleep unnoticed by&lt;br /&gt;consciousness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let us recapitulate by saying that we call such a stream of thought a&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious one, that we believe it to be perfectly correct, and that&lt;br /&gt;it may just as well be a more neglected one or an interrupted and&lt;br /&gt;suppressed one. Let us also state frankly in what manner we conceive&lt;br /&gt;this presentation course. We believe that a certain sum of excitement,&lt;br /&gt;which we call occupation energy, is displaced from an end-presentation&lt;br /&gt;along the association paths selected by that end-presentation. A&lt;br /&gt;"neglected" stream of thought has received no such occupation, and from&lt;br /&gt;a "suppressed" or "rejected" one this occupation has been withdrawn;&lt;br /&gt;both have thus been left to their own emotions. The end-stream of&lt;br /&gt;thought stocked with energy is under certain conditions able to draw to&lt;br /&gt;itself the attention of consciousness, through which means it then&lt;br /&gt;receives a "surplus of energy." We shall be obliged somewhat later to&lt;br /&gt;elucidate our assumption concerning the nature and activity of&lt;br /&gt;consciousness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A train of thought thus incited in the Forec. may either disappear&lt;br /&gt;spontaneously or continue. The former issue we conceive as follows: It&lt;br /&gt;diffuses its energy through all the association paths emanating from it,&lt;br /&gt;and throws the entire chain of ideas into a state of excitement which,&lt;br /&gt;after lasting for a while, subsides through the transformation of the&lt;br /&gt;excitement requiring an outlet into dormant energy.[1] If this first&lt;br /&gt;issue is brought about the process has no further significance for the&lt;br /&gt;dream formation. But other end-presentations are lurking in our&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious that originate from the sources of our unconscious and&lt;br /&gt;from the ever active wishes. These may take possession of the&lt;br /&gt;excitations in the circle of thought thus left to itself, establish a&lt;br /&gt;connection between it and the unconscious wish, and transfer to it the&lt;br /&gt;energy inherent in the unconscious wish. Henceforth the neglected or&lt;br /&gt;suppressed train of thought is in a position to maintain itself,&lt;br /&gt;although this reinforcement does not help it to gain access to&lt;br /&gt;consciousness. We may say that the hitherto foreconscious train of&lt;br /&gt;thought has been drawn into the unconscious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other constellations for the dream formation would result if the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious train of thought had from the beginning been connected&lt;br /&gt;with the unconscious wish, and for that reason met with rejection by the&lt;br /&gt;dominating end-occupation; or if an unconscious wish were made active&lt;br /&gt;for other--possibly somatic--reasons and of its own accord sought a&lt;br /&gt;transference to the psychic remnants not occupied by the Forec. All&lt;br /&gt;three cases finally combine in one issue, so that there is established&lt;br /&gt;in the foreconscious a stream of thought which, having been abandoned by&lt;br /&gt;the foreconscious occupation, receives occupation from the unconscious&lt;br /&gt;wish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stream of thought is henceforth subjected to a series of&lt;br /&gt;transformations which we no longer recognize as normal psychic processes&lt;br /&gt;and which give us a surprising result, viz. a psychopathological&lt;br /&gt;formation. Let us emphasize and group the same.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. The intensities of the individual ideas become capable of discharge&lt;br /&gt;in their entirety, and, proceeding from one conception to the other,&lt;br /&gt;they thus form single presentations endowed with marked intensity.&lt;br /&gt;Through the repeated recurrence of this process the intensity of an&lt;br /&gt;entire train of ideas may ultimately be gathered in a single&lt;br /&gt;presentation element. This is the principle of _compression or&lt;br /&gt;condensation_. It is condensation that is mainly responsible for the&lt;br /&gt;strange impression of the dream, for we know of nothing analogous to it&lt;br /&gt;in the normal psychic life accessible to consciousness. We find here,&lt;br /&gt;also, presentations which possess great psychic significance as&lt;br /&gt;junctions or as end-results of whole chains of thought; but this&lt;br /&gt;validity does not manifest itself in any character conspicuous enough&lt;br /&gt;for internal perception; hence, what has been presented in it does not&lt;br /&gt;become in any way more intensive. In the process of condensation the&lt;br /&gt;entire psychic connection becomes transformed into the intensity of the&lt;br /&gt;presentation content. It is the same as in a book where we space or&lt;br /&gt;print in heavy type any word upon which particular stress is laid for&lt;br /&gt;the understanding of the text. In speech the same word would be&lt;br /&gt;pronounced loudly and deliberately and with emphasis. The first&lt;br /&gt;comparison leads us at once to an example taken from the chapter on "The&lt;br /&gt;Dream-Work" (trimethylamine in the dream of Irma's injection).&lt;br /&gt;Historians of art call our attention to the fact that the most ancient&lt;br /&gt;historical sculptures follow a similar principle in expressing the rank&lt;br /&gt;of the persons represented by the size of the statue. The king is made&lt;br /&gt;two or three times as large as his retinue or the vanquished enemy. A&lt;br /&gt;piece of art, however, from the Roman period makes use of more subtle&lt;br /&gt;means to accomplish the same purpose. The figure of the emperor is&lt;br /&gt;placed in the center in a firmly erect posture; special care is bestowed&lt;br /&gt;on the proper modelling of his figure; his enemies are seen cowering at&lt;br /&gt;his feet; but he is no longer represented a giant among dwarfs. However,&lt;br /&gt;the bowing of the subordinate to his superior in our own days is only an&lt;br /&gt;echo of that ancient principle of representation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The direction taken by the condensations of the dream is prescribed on&lt;br /&gt;the one hand by the true foreconscious relations of the dream thoughts,&lt;br /&gt;an the other hand by the attraction of the visual reminiscences in the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious. The success of the condensation work produces those&lt;br /&gt;intensities which are required for penetration into the perception&lt;br /&gt;systems.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Through this free transferability of the intensities, moreover, and&lt;br /&gt;in the service of condensation, _intermediary&lt;br /&gt;presentations_--compromises, as it were--are formed (_cf._ the numerous&lt;br /&gt;examples). This, likewise, is something unheard of in the normal&lt;br /&gt;presentation course, where it is above all a question of selection and&lt;br /&gt;retention of the "proper" presentation element. On the other hand,&lt;br /&gt;composite and compromise formations occur with extraordinary frequency&lt;br /&gt;when we are trying to find the linguistic expression for foreconscious&lt;br /&gt;thoughts; these are considered "slips of the tongue."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. The presentations which transfer their intensities to one another are&lt;br /&gt;_very loosely connected_, and are joined together by such forms of&lt;br /&gt;association as are spurned in our serious thought and are utilized in&lt;br /&gt;the production of the effect of wit only. Among these we particularly&lt;br /&gt;find associations of the sound and consonance types.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Contradictory thoughts do not strive to eliminate one another, but&lt;br /&gt;remain side by side. They often unite to produce condensation _as if no&lt;br /&gt;contradiction_ existed, or they form compromises for which we should&lt;br /&gt;never forgive our thoughts, but which we frequently approve of in our&lt;br /&gt;actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are some of the most conspicuous abnormal processes to which the&lt;br /&gt;thoughts which have previously been rationally formed are subjected in&lt;br /&gt;the course of the dream-work. As the main feature of these processes we&lt;br /&gt;recognize the high importance attached to the fact of rendering the&lt;br /&gt;occupation energy mobile and capable of discharge; the content and the&lt;br /&gt;actual significance of the psychic elements, to which these energies&lt;br /&gt;adhere, become a matter of secondary importance. One might possibly&lt;br /&gt;think that the condensation and compromise formation is effected only in&lt;br /&gt;the service of regression, when occasion arises for changing thoughts&lt;br /&gt;into pictures. But the analysis and--still more distinctly--the&lt;br /&gt;synthesis of dreams which lack regression toward pictures, _e.g._ the&lt;br /&gt;dream "Autodidasker--Conversation with Court-Councilor N.," present the&lt;br /&gt;same processes of displacement and condensation as the others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hence we cannot refuse to acknowledge that the two kinds of essentially&lt;br /&gt;different psychic processes participate in the formation of the dream;&lt;br /&gt;one forms perfectly correct dream thoughts which are equivalent to&lt;br /&gt;normal thoughts, while the other treats these ideas in a highly&lt;br /&gt;surprising and incorrect manner. The latter process we have already set&lt;br /&gt;apart as the dream-work proper. What have we now to advance concerning&lt;br /&gt;this latter psychic process?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We should be unable to answer this question here if we had not&lt;br /&gt;penetrated considerably into the psychology of the neuroses and&lt;br /&gt;especially of hysteria. From this we learn that the same incorrect&lt;br /&gt;psychic processes--as well as others that have not been&lt;br /&gt;enumerated--control the formation of hysterical symptoms. In hysteria,&lt;br /&gt;too, we at once find a series of perfectly correct thoughts equivalent&lt;br /&gt;to our conscious thoughts, of whose existence, however, in this form we&lt;br /&gt;can learn nothing and which we can only subsequently reconstruct. If&lt;br /&gt;they have forced their way anywhere to our perception, we discover from&lt;br /&gt;the analysis of the symptom formed that these normal thoughts have been&lt;br /&gt;subjected to abnormal treatment and _have been transformed into the&lt;br /&gt;symptom by means of condensation and compromise formation, through&lt;br /&gt;superficial associations, under cover of contradictions, and eventually&lt;br /&gt;over the road of regression_. In view of the complete identity found&lt;br /&gt;between the peculiarities of the dream-work and of the psychic activity&lt;br /&gt;forming the psychoneurotic symptoms, we shall feel justified in&lt;br /&gt;transferring to the dream the conclusions urged upon us by hysteria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From the theory of hysteria we borrow the proposition that _such an&lt;br /&gt;abnormal psychic elaboration of a normal train of thought takes place&lt;br /&gt;only when the latter has been used for the transference of an&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish which dates from the infantile life and is in a state&lt;br /&gt;of repression_. In accordance with this proposition we have construed&lt;br /&gt;the theory of the dream on the assumption that the actuating dream-wish&lt;br /&gt;invariably originates in the unconscious, which, as we ourselves have&lt;br /&gt;admitted, cannot be universally demonstrated though it cannot be&lt;br /&gt;refuted. But in order to explain the real meaning of the term&lt;br /&gt;_repression_, which we have employed so freely, we shall be obliged to&lt;br /&gt;make some further addition to our psychological construction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have above elaborated the fiction of a primitive psychic apparatus,&lt;br /&gt;whose work is regulated by the efforts to avoid accumulation of&lt;br /&gt;excitement and as far as possible to maintain itself free from&lt;br /&gt;excitement. For this reason it was constructed after the plan of a&lt;br /&gt;reflex apparatus; the motility, originally the path for the inner bodily&lt;br /&gt;change, formed a discharging path standing at its disposal. We&lt;br /&gt;subsequently discussed the psychic results of a feeling of&lt;br /&gt;gratification, and we might at the same time have introduced the second&lt;br /&gt;assumption, viz. that accumulation of excitement--following certain&lt;br /&gt;modalities that do not concern us--is perceived as pain and sets the&lt;br /&gt;apparatus in motion in order to reproduce a feeling of gratification in&lt;br /&gt;which the diminution of the excitement is perceived as pleasure. Such a&lt;br /&gt;current in the apparatus which emanates from pain and strives for&lt;br /&gt;pleasure we call a wish. We have said that nothing but a wish is capable&lt;br /&gt;of setting the apparatus in motion, and that the discharge of excitement&lt;br /&gt;in the apparatus is regulated automatically by the perception of&lt;br /&gt;pleasure and pain. The first wish must have been an hallucinatory&lt;br /&gt;occupation of the memory for gratification. But this hallucination,&lt;br /&gt;unless it were maintained to the point of exhaustion, proved incapable&lt;br /&gt;of bringing about a cessation of the desire and consequently of securing&lt;br /&gt;the pleasure connected with gratification.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus there was required a second activity--in our terminology the&lt;br /&gt;activity of a second system--which should not permit the memory&lt;br /&gt;occupation to advance to perception and therefrom to restrict the&lt;br /&gt;psychic forces, but should lead the excitement emanating from the&lt;br /&gt;craving stimulus by a devious path over the spontaneous motility which&lt;br /&gt;ultimately should so change the outer world as to allow the real&lt;br /&gt;perception of the object of gratification to take place. Thus far we&lt;br /&gt;have elaborated the plan of the psychic apparatus; these two systems are&lt;br /&gt;the germ of the Unc. and Forec, which we include in the fully developed&lt;br /&gt;apparatus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to be in a position successfully to change the outer world&lt;br /&gt;through the motility, there is required the accumulation of a large sum&lt;br /&gt;of experiences in the memory systems as well as a manifold fixation of&lt;br /&gt;the relations which are evoked in this memory material by different&lt;br /&gt;end-presentations. We now proceed further with our assumption. The&lt;br /&gt;manifold activity of the second system, tentatively sending forth and&lt;br /&gt;retracting energy, must on the one hand have full command over all&lt;br /&gt;memory material, but on the other hand it would be a superfluous&lt;br /&gt;expenditure for it to send to the individual mental paths large&lt;br /&gt;quantities of energy which would thus flow off to no purpose,&lt;br /&gt;diminishing the quantity available for the transformation of the outer&lt;br /&gt;world. In the interests of expediency I therefore postulate that the&lt;br /&gt;second system succeeds in maintaining the greater part of the occupation&lt;br /&gt;energy in a dormant state and in using but a small portion for the&lt;br /&gt;purposes of displacement. The mechanism of these processes is entirely&lt;br /&gt;unknown to me; any one who wishes to follow up these ideas must try to&lt;br /&gt;find the physical analogies and prepare the way for a demonstration of&lt;br /&gt;the process of motion in the stimulation of the neuron. I merely hold to&lt;br /&gt;the idea that the activity of the first [Greek: Psi]-system is directed&lt;br /&gt;_to the free outflow of the quantities of excitement_, and that the&lt;br /&gt;second system brings about an inhibition of this outflow through the&lt;br /&gt;energies emanating from it, _i.e._ it produces a _transformation into&lt;br /&gt;dormant energy, probably by raising the level_. I therefore assume that&lt;br /&gt;under the control of the second system as compared with the first, the&lt;br /&gt;course of the excitement is bound to entirely different mechanical&lt;br /&gt;conditions. After the second system has finished its tentative mental&lt;br /&gt;work, it removes the inhibition and congestion of the excitements and&lt;br /&gt;allows these excitements to flow off to the motility.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An interesting train of thought now presents itself if we consider the&lt;br /&gt;relations of this inhibition of discharge by the second system to the&lt;br /&gt;regulation through the principle of pain. Let us now seek the&lt;br /&gt;counterpart of the primary feeling of gratification, namely, the&lt;br /&gt;objective feeling of fear. A perceptive stimulus acts on the primitive&lt;br /&gt;apparatus, becoming the source of a painful emotion. This will then be&lt;br /&gt;followed by irregular motor manifestations until one of these withdraws&lt;br /&gt;the apparatus from perception and at the same time from pain, but on the&lt;br /&gt;reappearance of the perception this manifestation will immediately&lt;br /&gt;repeat itself (perhaps as a movement of flight) until the perception has&lt;br /&gt;again disappeared. But there will here remain no tendency again to&lt;br /&gt;occupy the perception of the source of pain in the form of an&lt;br /&gt;hallucination or in any other form. On the contrary, there will be a&lt;br /&gt;tendency in the primary apparatus to abandon the painful memory picture&lt;br /&gt;as soon as it is in any way awakened, as the overflow of its excitement&lt;br /&gt;would surely produce (more precisely, begin to produce) pain. The&lt;br /&gt;deviation from memory, which is but a repetition of the former flight&lt;br /&gt;from perception, is facilitated also by the fact that, unlike&lt;br /&gt;perception, memory does not possess sufficient quality to excite&lt;br /&gt;consciousness and thereby to attract to itself new energy. This easy and&lt;br /&gt;regularly occurring deviation of the psychic process from the former&lt;br /&gt;painful memory presents to us the model and the first example of&lt;br /&gt;_psychic repression_. As is generally known, much of this deviation from&lt;br /&gt;the painful, much of the behavior of the ostrich, can be readily&lt;br /&gt;demonstrated even in the normal psychic life of adults.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By virtue of the principle of pain the first system is therefore&lt;br /&gt;altogether incapable of introducing anything unpleasant into the mental&lt;br /&gt;associations. The system cannot do anything but wish. If this remained&lt;br /&gt;so the mental activity of the second system, which should have at its&lt;br /&gt;disposal all the memories stored up by experiences, would be hindered.&lt;br /&gt;But two ways are now opened: the work of the second system either frees&lt;br /&gt;itself completely from the principle of pain and continues its course,&lt;br /&gt;paying no heed to the painful reminiscence, or it contrives to occupy&lt;br /&gt;the painful memory in such a manner as to preclude the liberation of&lt;br /&gt;pain. We may reject the first possibility, as the principle of pain also&lt;br /&gt;manifests itself as a regulator for the emotional discharge of the&lt;br /&gt;second system; we are, therefore, directed to the second possibility,&lt;br /&gt;namely, that this system occupies a reminiscence in such a manner as to&lt;br /&gt;inhibit its discharge and hence, also, to inhibit the discharge&lt;br /&gt;comparable to a motor innervation for the development of pain. Thus from&lt;br /&gt;two starting points we are led to the hypothesis that occupation through&lt;br /&gt;the second system is at the same time an inhibition for the emotional&lt;br /&gt;discharge, viz. from a consideration of the principle of pain and from&lt;br /&gt;the principle of the smallest expenditure of innervation. Let us,&lt;br /&gt;however, keep to the fact--this is the key to the theory of&lt;br /&gt;repression--that the second system is capable of occupying an idea only&lt;br /&gt;when it is in position to check the development of pain emanating from&lt;br /&gt;it. Whatever withdraws itself from this inhibition also remains&lt;br /&gt;inaccessible for the second system and would soon be abandoned by virtue&lt;br /&gt;of the principle of pain. The inhibition of pain, however, need not be&lt;br /&gt;complete; it must be permitted to begin, as it indicates to the second&lt;br /&gt;system the nature of the memory and possibly its defective adaptation&lt;br /&gt;for the purpose sought by the mind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The psychic process which is admitted by the first system only I shall&lt;br /&gt;now call the _primary_ process; and the one resulting from the&lt;br /&gt;inhibition of the second system I shall call the _secondary_ process. I&lt;br /&gt;show by another point for what purpose the second system is obliged to&lt;br /&gt;correct the primary process. The primary process strives for a discharge&lt;br /&gt;of the excitement in order to establish a _perception_ identity with the&lt;br /&gt;sum of excitement thus gathered; the secondary process has abandoned&lt;br /&gt;this intention and undertaken instead the task of bringing about a&lt;br /&gt;_thought identity_. All thinking is only a circuitous path from the&lt;br /&gt;memory of gratification taken as an end-presentation to the identical&lt;br /&gt;occupation of the same memory, which is again to be attained on the&lt;br /&gt;track of the motor experiences. The state of thinking must take an&lt;br /&gt;interest in the connecting paths between the presentations without&lt;br /&gt;allowing itself to be misled by their intensities. But it is obvious&lt;br /&gt;that condensations and intermediate or compromise formations occurring&lt;br /&gt;in the presentations impede the attainment of this end-identity; by&lt;br /&gt;substituting one idea for the other they deviate from the path which&lt;br /&gt;otherwise would have been continued from the original idea. Such&lt;br /&gt;processes are therefore carefully avoided in the secondary thinking. Nor&lt;br /&gt;is it difficult to understand that the principle of pain also impedes&lt;br /&gt;the progress of the mental stream in its pursuit of the thought&lt;br /&gt;identity, though, indeed, it offers to the mental stream the most&lt;br /&gt;important points of departure. Hence the tendency of the thinking&lt;br /&gt;process must be to free itself more and more from exclusive adjustment&lt;br /&gt;by the principle of pain, and through the working of the mind to&lt;br /&gt;restrict the affective development to that minimum which is necessary as&lt;br /&gt;a signal. This refinement of the activity must have been attained&lt;br /&gt;through a recent over-occupation of energy brought about by&lt;br /&gt;consciousness. But we are aware that this refinement is seldom&lt;br /&gt;completely successful even in the most normal psychic life and that our&lt;br /&gt;thoughts ever remain accessible to falsification through the&lt;br /&gt;interference of the principle of pain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This, however, is not the breach in the functional efficiency of our&lt;br /&gt;psychic apparatus through which the thoughts forming the material of the&lt;br /&gt;secondary mental work are enabled to make their way into the primary&lt;br /&gt;psychic process--with which formula we may now describe the work leading&lt;br /&gt;to the dream and to the hysterical symptoms. This case of insufficiency&lt;br /&gt;results from the union of the two factors from the history of our&lt;br /&gt;evolution; one of which belongs solely to the psychic apparatus and has&lt;br /&gt;exerted a determining influence on the relation of the two systems,&lt;br /&gt;while the other operates fluctuatingly and introduces motive forces of&lt;br /&gt;organic origin into the psychic life. Both originate in the infantile&lt;br /&gt;life and result from the transformation which our psychic and somatic&lt;br /&gt;organism has undergone since the infantile period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I termed one of the psychic processes in the psychic apparatus the&lt;br /&gt;primary process, I did so not only in consideration of the order of&lt;br /&gt;precedence and capability, but also as admitting the temporal relations&lt;br /&gt;to a share in the nomenclature. As far as our knowledge goes there is no&lt;br /&gt;psychic apparatus possessing only the primary process, and in so far it&lt;br /&gt;is a theoretic fiction; but so much is based on fact that the primary&lt;br /&gt;processes are present in the apparatus from the beginning, while the&lt;br /&gt;secondary processes develop gradually in the course of life, inhibiting&lt;br /&gt;and covering the primary ones, and gaining complete mastery over them&lt;br /&gt;perhaps only at the height of life. Owing to this retarded appearance of&lt;br /&gt;the secondary processes, the essence of our being, consisting in&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish feelings, can neither be seized nor inhibited by the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious, whose part is once for all restricted to the indication&lt;br /&gt;of the most suitable paths for the wish feelings originating in the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious. These unconscious wishes establish for all subsequent&lt;br /&gt;psychic efforts a compulsion to which they have to submit and which&lt;br /&gt;they must strive if possible to divert from its course and direct to&lt;br /&gt;higher aims. In consequence of this retardation of the foreconscious&lt;br /&gt;occupation a large sphere of the memory material remains inaccessible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Among these indestructible and unincumbered wish feelings originating&lt;br /&gt;from the infantile life, there are also some, the fulfillments of which&lt;br /&gt;have entered into a relation of contradiction to the end-presentation of&lt;br /&gt;the secondary thinking. The fulfillment of these wishes would no longer&lt;br /&gt;produce an affect of pleasure but one of pain; _and it is just this&lt;br /&gt;transformation of affect that constitutes the nature of what we&lt;br /&gt;designate as "repression," in which we recognize the infantile first&lt;br /&gt;step of passing adverse sentence or of rejecting through reason_. To&lt;br /&gt;investigate in what way and through what motive forces such a&lt;br /&gt;transformation can be produced constitutes the problem of repression,&lt;br /&gt;which we need here only skim over. It will suffice to remark that such a&lt;br /&gt;transformation of affect occurs in the course of development (one may&lt;br /&gt;think of the appearance in infantile life of disgust which was&lt;br /&gt;originally absent), and that it is connected with the activity of the&lt;br /&gt;secondary system. The memories from which the unconscious wish brings&lt;br /&gt;about the emotional discharge have never been accessible to the Forec.,&lt;br /&gt;and for that reason their emotional discharge cannot be inhibited. It&lt;br /&gt;is just on account of this affective development that these ideas are&lt;br /&gt;not even now accessible to the foreconscious thoughts to which they have&lt;br /&gt;transferred their wishing power. On the contrary, the principle of pain&lt;br /&gt;comes into play, and causes the Forec. to deviate from these thoughts of&lt;br /&gt;transference. The latter, left to themselves, are "repressed," and thus&lt;br /&gt;the existence of a store of infantile memories, from the very beginning&lt;br /&gt;withdrawn from the Forec., becomes the preliminary condition of&lt;br /&gt;repression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the most favorable case the development of pain terminates as soon as&lt;br /&gt;the energy has been withdrawn from the thoughts of transference in the&lt;br /&gt;Forec., and this effect characterizes the intervention of the principle&lt;br /&gt;of pain as expedient. It is different, however, if the repressed&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish receives an organic enforcement which it can lend to&lt;br /&gt;its thoughts of transference and through which it can enable them to&lt;br /&gt;make an effort towards penetration with their excitement, even after&lt;br /&gt;they have been abandoned by the occupation of the Forec. A defensive&lt;br /&gt;struggle then ensues, inasmuch as the Forec. reinforces the antagonism&lt;br /&gt;against the repressed ideas, and subsequently this leads to a&lt;br /&gt;penetration by the thoughts of transference (the carriers of the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious wish) in some form of compromise through symptom formation.&lt;br /&gt;But from the moment that the suppressed thoughts are powerfully occupied&lt;br /&gt;by the unconscious wish-feeling and abandoned by the foreconscious&lt;br /&gt;occupation, they succumb to the primary psychic process and strive only&lt;br /&gt;for motor discharge; or, if the path be free, for hallucinatory revival&lt;br /&gt;of the desired perception identity. We have previously found,&lt;br /&gt;empirically, that the incorrect processes described are enacted only&lt;br /&gt;with thoughts that exist in the repression. We now grasp another part of&lt;br /&gt;the connection. These incorrect processes are those that are primary in&lt;br /&gt;the psychic apparatus; _they appear wherever thoughts abandoned by the&lt;br /&gt;foreconscious occupation are left to themselves, and can fill themselves&lt;br /&gt;with the uninhibited energy, striving for discharge from the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious_. We may add a few further observations to support the view&lt;br /&gt;that these processes designated "incorrect" are really not&lt;br /&gt;falsifications of the normal defective thinking, but the modes of&lt;br /&gt;activity of the psychic apparatus when freed from inhibition. Thus we&lt;br /&gt;see that the transference of the foreconscious excitement to the&lt;br /&gt;motility takes place according to the same processes, and that the&lt;br /&gt;connection of the foreconscious presentations with words readily&lt;br /&gt;manifest the same displacements and mixtures which are ascribed to&lt;br /&gt;inattention. Finally, I should like to adduce proof that an increase of&lt;br /&gt;work necessarily results from the inhibition of these primary courses&lt;br /&gt;from the fact that we gain a _comical effect_, a surplus to be&lt;br /&gt;discharged through laughter, _if we allow these streams of thought to&lt;br /&gt;come to consciousness_.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The theory of the psychoneuroses asserts with complete certainty that&lt;br /&gt;only sexual wish-feelings from the infantile life experience repression&lt;br /&gt;(emotional transformation) during the developmental period of childhood.&lt;br /&gt;These are capable of returning to activity at a later period of&lt;br /&gt;development, and then have the faculty of being revived, either as a&lt;br /&gt;consequence of the sexual constitution, which is really formed from the&lt;br /&gt;original bisexuality, or in consequence of unfavorable influences of the&lt;br /&gt;sexual life; and they thus supply the motive power for all&lt;br /&gt;psychoneurotic symptom formations. It is only by the introduction of&lt;br /&gt;these sexual forces that the gaps still demonstrable in the theory of&lt;br /&gt;repression can be filled. I will leave it undecided whether the&lt;br /&gt;postulate of the sexual and infantile may also be asserted for the&lt;br /&gt;theory of the dream; I leave this here unfinished because I have already&lt;br /&gt;passed a step beyond the demonstrable in assuming that the dream-wish&lt;br /&gt;invariably originates from the unconscious.[2] Nor will I further&lt;br /&gt;investigate the difference in the play of the psychic forces in the&lt;br /&gt;dream formation and in the formation of the hysterical symptoms, for to&lt;br /&gt;do this we ought to possess a more explicit knowledge of one of the&lt;br /&gt;members to be compared. But I regard another point as important, and&lt;br /&gt;will here confess that it was on account of this very point that I have&lt;br /&gt;just undertaken this entire discussion concerning the two psychic&lt;br /&gt;systems, their modes of operation, and the repression. For it is now&lt;br /&gt;immaterial whether I have conceived the psychological relations in&lt;br /&gt;question with approximate correctness, or, as is easily possible in such&lt;br /&gt;a difficult matter, in an erroneous and fragmentary manner. Whatever&lt;br /&gt;changes may be made in the interpretation of the psychic censor and of&lt;br /&gt;the correct and of the abnormal elaboration of the dream content, the&lt;br /&gt;fact nevertheless remains that such processes are active in dream&lt;br /&gt;formation, and that essentially they show the closest analogy to the&lt;br /&gt;processes observed in the formation of the hysterical symptoms. The&lt;br /&gt;dream is not a pathological phenomenon, and it does not leave behind an&lt;br /&gt;enfeeblement of the mental faculties. The objection that no deduction&lt;br /&gt;can be drawn regarding the dreams of healthy persons from my own dreams&lt;br /&gt;and from those of neurotic patients may be rejected without comment.&lt;br /&gt;Hence, when we draw conclusions from the phenomena as to their motive&lt;br /&gt;forces, we recognize that the psychic mechanism made use of by the&lt;br /&gt;neuroses is not created by a morbid disturbance of the psychic life, but&lt;br /&gt;is found ready in the normal structure of the psychic apparatus. The two&lt;br /&gt;psychic systems, the censor crossing between them, the inhibition and&lt;br /&gt;the covering of the one activity by the other, the relations of both to&lt;br /&gt;consciousness--or whatever may offer a more correct interpretation of&lt;br /&gt;the actual conditions in their stead--all these belong to the normal&lt;br /&gt;structure of our psychic instrument, and the dream points out for us one&lt;br /&gt;of the roads leading to a knowledge of this structure. If, in addition&lt;br /&gt;to our knowledge, we wish to be contented with a minimum perfectly&lt;br /&gt;established, we shall say that the dream gives us proof that the&lt;br /&gt;_suppressed, material continues to exist even in the normal person and&lt;br /&gt;remains capable of psychic activity_. The dream itself is one of the&lt;br /&gt;manifestations of this suppressed material; theoretically, this is true&lt;br /&gt;in _all_ cases; according to substantial experience it is true in at&lt;br /&gt;least a great number of such as most conspicuously display the prominent&lt;br /&gt;characteristics of dream life. The suppressed psychic material, which in&lt;br /&gt;the waking state has been prevented from expression and cut off from&lt;br /&gt;internal perception _by the antagonistic adjustment of the&lt;br /&gt;contradictions_, finds ways and means of obtruding itself on&lt;br /&gt;consciousness during the night under the domination of the compromise&lt;br /&gt;formations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    _"Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo."_&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At any rate the interpretation of dreams is the _via regia_ to a&lt;br /&gt;knowledge of the unconscious in the psychic life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In following the analysis of the dream we have made some progress toward&lt;br /&gt;an understanding of the composition of this most marvelous and most&lt;br /&gt;mysterious of instruments; to be sure, we have not gone very far, but&lt;br /&gt;enough of a beginning has been made to allow us to advance from other&lt;br /&gt;so-called pathological formations further into the analysis of the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious. Disease--at least that which is justly termed&lt;br /&gt;functional--is not due to the destruction of this apparatus, and the&lt;br /&gt;establishment of new splittings in its interior; it is rather to be&lt;br /&gt;explained dynamically through the strengthening and weakening of the&lt;br /&gt;components in the play of forces by which so many activities are&lt;br /&gt;concealed during the normal function. We have been able to show in&lt;br /&gt;another place how the composition of the apparatus from the two systems&lt;br /&gt;permits a subtilization even of the normal activity which would be&lt;br /&gt;impossible for a single system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] _Cf._ the significant observations by J. Bueuer in our _Studies on&lt;br /&gt;Hysteria_, 1895, and 2nd ed. 1909.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] Here, as in other places, there are gaps in the treatment of the&lt;br /&gt;subject, which I have left intentionally, because to fill them up would&lt;br /&gt;require on the one hand too great effort, and on the other hand an&lt;br /&gt;extensive reference to material that is foreign to the dream. Thus I&lt;br /&gt;have avoided stating whether I connect with the word "suppressed"&lt;br /&gt;another sense than with the word "repressed." It has been made clear&lt;br /&gt;only that the latter emphasizes more than the former the relation to the&lt;br /&gt;unconscious. I have not entered into the cognate problem why the dream&lt;br /&gt;thoughts also experience distortion by the censor when they abandon the&lt;br /&gt;progressive continuation to consciousness and choose the path of&lt;br /&gt;regression. I have been above all anxious to awaken an interest in the&lt;br /&gt;problems to which the further analysis of the dreamwork leads and to&lt;br /&gt;indicate the other themes which meet these on the way. It was not always&lt;br /&gt;easy to decide just where the pursuit should be discontinued. That I&lt;br /&gt;have not treated exhaustively the part played in the dream by the&lt;br /&gt;psychosexual life and have avoided the interpretation of dreams of an&lt;br /&gt;obvious sexual content is due to a special reason which may not come up&lt;br /&gt;to the reader's expectation. To be sure, it is very far from my ideas&lt;br /&gt;and the principles expressed by me in neuropathology to regard the&lt;br /&gt;sexual life as a "pudendum" which should be left unconsidered by the&lt;br /&gt;physician and the scientific investigator. I also consider ludicrous the&lt;br /&gt;moral indignation which prompted the translator of Artemidoros of Daldis&lt;br /&gt;to keep from the reader's knowledge the chapter on sexual dreams&lt;br /&gt;contained in the _Symbolism of the Dreams_. As for myself, I have been&lt;br /&gt;actuated solely by the conviction that in the explanation of sexual&lt;br /&gt;dreams I should be bound to entangle myself deeply in the still&lt;br /&gt;unexplained problems of perversion and bisexuality; and for that reason&lt;br /&gt;I have reserved this material for another connection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IX&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE UNCONSCIOUS AND CONSCIOUSNESS--REALITY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On closer inspection we find that it is not the existence of two systems&lt;br /&gt;near the motor end of the apparatus but of two kinds of processes or&lt;br /&gt;modes of emotional discharge, the assumption of which was explained in&lt;br /&gt;the psychological discussions of the previous chapter. This can make no&lt;br /&gt;difference for us, for we must always be ready to drop our auxiliary&lt;br /&gt;ideas whenever we deem ourselves in position to replace them by&lt;br /&gt;something else approaching more closely to the unknown reality. Let us&lt;br /&gt;now try to correct some views which might be erroneously formed as long&lt;br /&gt;as we regarded the two systems in the crudest and most obvious sense as&lt;br /&gt;two localities within the psychic apparatus, views which have left their&lt;br /&gt;traces in the terms "repression" and "penetration." Thus, when we say&lt;br /&gt;that an unconscious idea strives for transference into the foreconscious&lt;br /&gt;in order later to penetrate consciousness, we do not mean that a second&lt;br /&gt;idea is to be formed situated in a new locality like an interlineation&lt;br /&gt;near which the original continues to remain; also, when we speak of&lt;br /&gt;penetration into consciousness, we wish carefully to avoid any idea of&lt;br /&gt;change of locality. When we say that a foreconscious idea is repressed&lt;br /&gt;and subsequently taken up by the unconscious, we might be tempted by&lt;br /&gt;these figures, borrowed from the idea of a struggle over a territory, to&lt;br /&gt;assume that an arrangement is really broken up in one psychic locality&lt;br /&gt;and replaced by a new one in the other locality. For these comparisons&lt;br /&gt;we substitute what would seem to correspond better with the real state&lt;br /&gt;of affairs by saying that an energy occupation is displaced to or&lt;br /&gt;withdrawn from a certain arrangement so that the psychic formation falls&lt;br /&gt;under the domination of a system or is withdrawn from the same. Here&lt;br /&gt;again we replace a topical mode of presentation by a dynamic; it is not&lt;br /&gt;the psychic formation that appears to us as the moving factor but the&lt;br /&gt;innervation of the same.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I deem it appropriate and justifiable, however, to apply ourselves still&lt;br /&gt;further to the illustrative conception of the two systems. We shall&lt;br /&gt;avoid any misapplication of this manner of representation if we remember&lt;br /&gt;that presentations, thoughts, and psychic formations should generally&lt;br /&gt;not be localized in the organic elements of the nervous system, but, so&lt;br /&gt;to speak, between them, where resistances and paths form the correlate&lt;br /&gt;corresponding to them. Everything that can become an object of our&lt;br /&gt;internal perception is virtual, like the image in the telescope produced&lt;br /&gt;by the passage of the rays of light. But we are justified in assuming&lt;br /&gt;the existence of the systems, which have nothing psychic in themselves&lt;br /&gt;and which never become accessible to our psychic perception,&lt;br /&gt;corresponding to the lenses of the telescope which design the image. If&lt;br /&gt;we continue this comparison, we may say that the censor between two&lt;br /&gt;systems corresponds to the refraction of rays during their passage into&lt;br /&gt;a new medium.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus far we ha
